Five species of cabbage bees of the cruciferous vegetables, such as rapeseed, are known in China: Athalia rosae japonensis (Rhower) (Yellowwinger), A. lugens proxima (Klug) (blackwing bee), A. Rosae rosae (Linne.) (Xinjiang leaf bee), A. Nigromaculata Cameron (Apocynaceae Bee), A.japonica (Klug) (Japanese Leaf Bee). Are Hymenoptera, leaf bee family. Yellow-winged leaf-beetles are distributed throughout the country; Black-winged leaf-bees are distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Sichuan, and Yunnan; Xinjiang leaf bee is mainly distributed in Xinjiang; Distributed in Tibet; Japanese leaf bees are mainly distributed in Taiwan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Shaanxi.
Host rape, turnip, cabbage, cabbage, radish, mustard and other cruciferous vegetables.
Damaged larvae damage the leaves into holes or nicks, damage the planting flowers and tender larvae, a few bite the roots, worm population density, only a few days can cause serious losses.
Morphological characteristics Yellow winged bee adult body length 6-8mm, the head and the back and back of the chest are black on both sides, the other orange blue, but the end of the tibial and the ends of the ganglion are black; fin base half Yellow-brown, gradually faded outwards to the tip of the wing transparent, the front edge has a black band connected to the wing; the antennae are black, the base of the male is light yellow; the abdomen is orange-yellow and the female has a short black ovipositor at the end of abdomen. The egg is nearly round, with a size of approximately 0.830.42 (mm). The egg shell is smooth, milky white at the time of first birth, and pale yellow afterwards. The larvae are about 15mm in length, black in the head and blue-black in the ankle. Each body has many wrinkles and many small projections. The chest is thick, the abdomen is thin, and there are 3 pairs of chest feet and 8 pairs of abdominal feet. The head is black and the body is yellow-white at the beginning and turns orange afterwards. Black-winged leaf bee adult body length 6.4-7.8mm, body black and shiny, head, tentacles black, lip base, upper lip yellow, chest in addition to the center of the front thoracodorsal plate 1 hidden behind the head, in the chest The back plate, small shield appendage, and back scutellum are black and yellow. The wings are black, translucent, and full yellow.
The adult bee of Xinjiang leaf bee is 6.5-9mm long, with orange and yellow luster, wide black head, dark brown tentacles, pale yellow mouthparts, brown upper eyelid, chest and middle thoracic scutum, black chest, and more than orange. Yellow, midbrain side panels black, wing-clear, slightly pale yellow, abdomen and feet orange-yellow. Eggs are oval in shape, 10.5 mm in size, translucent, and slightly yellowish in milky white. The last instar larvae are 25 mm in length, cylindrical, brownish green to dark green, with small tumors in each body section that are wrinkled, and valves gray and white. Yellowish yellow, yellowish abdomen, 7-9mm long, 3-3.5mm wide; cylindribular, with mud on the outside, has protective effect. The black wings of the black beetle leaf bee, especially the forequarters and the leading edge of the forequarters are obvious. In addition to the black back of the first abdominal segment, black spots appear on both sides of the second to seventh abdominal segments, and the base of the fore wings is slightly pale. Yellow is an important feature of the black leaf bee.
The Japanese bee was approximately 7mm in length, most of its abdomen was orange-yellow, no black spots on both sides, the base of the forewings was black, the back of the first abdominal section was black, and the leg sections of three pairs of feet were all black.
Living habits Yellow-winged leaf bee is born 5 years old in the north, pre-cockroach wintering in the soil. Generations of each generation: the first generation in early May to mid-June, the second generation in early June to mid-July, the third generation in early July and late August, and the fourth generation in mid-August and mid-October. Adults are extremely active in the sunny and hot day, mating and spawning, egg production into the edge of the leaf tissue is a small uplift, each 1-4 tablets, often produced in a row of leaf margin, each female can produce 40 to 150 tablets. The egg development period is 11-14 days in spring and autumn and 6-9 days in summer. The larvae were 5 instars with a development period of 10 to 12 days. The larvae feed on the animals in the morning and evening, and they have a false death habit. The old mature larvae enter the soil and build up the earthworms and turn them into pots. The first flood season is 10 to 20 days (overwintering season is 4 to 5 months), and the flood season is 7 to 10 days. There are two peaks occurring in spring and autumn each year, and the most serious ones are from August to September in autumn.
The annual algebra of black-winged leaf bee is unknown. As for the Chinese black-skinned beetles, the last-instar larvae in Tibet use silk in the gaps between the roots of the weeds, under the stones, and in the gaps beside the vegetable grounds.
The Xinjiang leafy bee is born in Xinjiang for 2-4 generations, and the mature larvae live in the soil within 7-15cm below the ground. The overwintering larvae are visible from early October to early June of the following year. The rape in the middle and late June was very fierce. The second-generation larvae infested winter cabbage, winter radish, cabbage, and oilseeds in the middle and early August, and were buried in mid-October.
Prevention methods (1) Cruciferous vegetables such as rapeseed should be cultivated and weeded in time after harvest so that insects can be exposed or destroyed, and the source of insects can be reduced. (2) Vulnerable rapeseed, Chinese cabbage, radish, etc. should be sown as early as possible. Eliminating the larval stage or plant growth may reduce victimization. (3) During adulthood, adult insects can be caught on the net in the field or on the weeds in the field every day at 10-17 hours. (4) Sprinkle 2% Badan powder every morning with dew, 2kg per 667m2. (5)Spray 50% phoxim EC 1500 times or 35% Phosphorus EC or 50% malathion EC 1000 times in the larval stage. In addition, 20% speed kill DF, 2.5% enemy Killing EC, 10% Anlubao EC, and 5.7% GEA EC 3000-4000 are effective and the efficacy can be maintained for more than 20 days.
Antipyretic:
Something that reduces fever or quells it.
There are 3 classes of antipyretic medications that are sold OTC (over-the-counter) without prescription:
Salicylates -- aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), choline salicylate (Arthropan), magnesium salicylate (Arthriten), and sodium salicylate (Scot-Tussin Original);
Acetaminophen (Tylenol); and
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -- ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve), and ketoprofen.
From anti-, against + the Greek pyretos, fever from pyr, fire. The same root gives rise to pyrexia, a medical term for fever.
Antipyretic, from the Greek anti, against, and pyreticus, pertaining to fever, are substances that reduce fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override a prostaglandin-induced increase in temperature. The body then works to lower the temperature, resulting in a reduction in fever.
Most antipyretic medications have other purposes. The most common antipyretics in the United States are ibuprofen and aspirin, which are used primarily as pain relievers. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and pain relievers.
Pain-killer:
Painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. They are distinct from anesthetics, which reversibly eliminate sensation. Analgesics include paracetamol (known in North America as acetaminophen or simply APAP), the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as the salicylates, and opioid drugs such as morphine and oxycodone.
In choosing analgesics, the severity and response to other medication determines the choice of agent; the World Health Organization (WHO) pain ladder specifies mild analgesics as its first step.
Analgesic choice is also determined by the type of pain: For neuropathic pain, traditional analgesics are less effective, and there is often benefit from classes of drugs that are not normally considered analgesics, such as tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants.
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