At present, in the wheat production process, important problems are solved: regional planting of improved varieties, cultivation of high-yield technologies, and scientific management in the field. These three are key measures for planting high-yield and high-quality wheat.
Improved species planting
Wheat varieties have high quality, high yield and stable yield in all local production. However, the selection of varieties should be based on local conditions, due to climatic conditions, water conditions and fertility to determine the planting time, select the appropriate species.
High-yield cultivation techniques
From the standpoint of high yields of wheat, it is necessary to continuously improve the soil fertility and solve the living soil layer so that the fertility and depth of the tillage layer can be fine, transparent, and flat, and the water, fertilizer, gas, and heat should be combined. According to the relevant data, the deep-cultivated wheat roots are mainly distributed in 0-50 cm soil layers; while under shallow cultivation, the main root systems are distributed in 0-15 cm or 20 cm soil layers. At the same time, the various nutrients needed for wheat can be found in the soil, but the quantities are not sufficient. Therefore, external fertilization should be used to supplement it. Whether it is fertilizer applied to soil or nutrients already contained in soil, it must be dissolved in water before it can be absorbed and utilized by various crops, especially ammonium sulfate, urea, etc. These fertilizers are often referred to as quick-acting fertilizers. After being applied to Daejeon, it will be very effective and will be absorbed and utilized by crops in a short period of time. However, the fertilizers that are applied each time cannot be absorbed by the crops. The remaining nutrients in them can be retained in the soil for absorption and utilization by the next crop.
The benefits of deep plowing are the ability to loosen the soil and deepen the tillage layer. It is also possible to dig fertilizers to eliminate weeds and to create good soil conditions for crop growth and development. Deep plowing can also break the bottom of the plough so that the roots of the plough can be stretched downwards. Generally, there is no deep ploughing of the soil. The roots of the crop are often concentrated in a layer of soil about 10 cm above the surface. The weight of this root system accounts for about 90% of the total root system. Roots in the soil layer below 10 cm deep after deep plowing are significantly increased. After deep plowing, the soil water storage and fertility enhancement ability can be improved. As the underlying compact soil layer becomes loose, porosity increases. Therefore, it can accommodate more water and nutrients, thereby enhancing drought resistance and fertilizer supply capacity. Deep plowing must also be combined with the addition of large amounts of organic fertilizer.
High yield of NPK is the key to wheat. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are nutrients that ensure that wheat grows robustly and increase its yield, so people call them three major factors in the growth of crops. Nitrogen fertilizer is an important raw material for protein and chloroplast, while protein is the main component of cell protoplasm and nucleus. Chloroplast is the main site for photosynthesis of wheat and organic nutrients. Adequate supply of nitrogen, can promote cell division and growth, so that the roots, stems, leaves and other organs of wheat grow fast, grow strong, strong nutrient growth, lush stems and leaves, dark green leaves, multiple tillers, large spikes and more . At the same time, nitrogen deficiency, weak wheat seedlings, plant dwarfism, small tillers, narrow leaves, yellow-green leaves, from the tips of the leaves began to dry yellow, severe yellow leaves when the whole plant died early. Phosphorus fertilizer is an important raw material for the formation of nuclear proteins and phospholipids, and it is also an important material for promoting the transformation and transportation of substances in plants. The adequate supply of phosphate fertilizer can promote the flowering of wheat, fullness of grain and early maturity, and can also promote the development of wheat root system. Second, it can also enhance the absorption capacity of absorbent. At the same time, phosphorus deficiency, wheat seedlings grow slowly, dark green or purple leaves, small tillers, secondary roots are small and weak, turn green, joint roots do not stretch during jointing, not under the bar or was "chicken claw root." The above-ground part grows slowly, the tillering rate is low, the leaves are grayish green, the leaf sheath is purple, the earing and ripening are delayed, the filling is insufficient, and the grain weight is low. Potassium fertilizer can promote the metabolism of phosphorus and nitrogen in wheat plants. It can also promote the robust growth of wheat, hard straw, and can enhance the resistance to disease and lodging. At the same time, in the absence of potassium, the photosynthesis of crops will be weakened, growth will be inhibited, the mechanical organization of the stalks will be undeveloped, the toughness will be poor, the grains will be reduced, and the starch content will be reduced.
In short, to balance the fertilization. Balanced fertilization is an important measure to promote premature, early and mid-term growth of wheat, and not premature aging in the later period. Fertilization should adhere to the principle of “combination of coarse and fine fertilizers, combination of delayed and rapid effects, and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizersâ€. Fertilization should be based on the target yield and combined with the level of soil fertility to produce fertilizer and achieve nitrogen and phosphorus. Potassium, balanced fertilization. Fertilizers must be applied in depth, to prevent surface fertilizer from spreading, and to apply extensive fertilizers to the land.
Field management
From the sowing, emergence and heading of winter wheat, the management of wheat fields in this period can be divided into several stages: from emergence to overwintering is the first stage of winter management; from turning green to heading is the second stage of spring management; from heading to maturity It is the period of wheat production, which is the key moment for determining the level of output. This is the third stage for the later period.
The main task of winter wheat field management is to cultivate strong seedlings, preserve seedlings, maintain uniform seedlings, and maintain Miaoqi safely in winter and increase the number of tillers. The standard of strong seedlings is to have more tillers, which are stout, with a wide leaf and deep color, and a well-developed root system. This is the basis for increasing the number of panicles per plant and for the large panicles. It is an important guarantee for obtaining high yields.
The management of wheat in spring is mainly to promote the two defenses. As soon as the wheat seedlings are turned green, the ground temperature is low, the plant growth is slow, the soil microbial activity is poor, the nutrients are decomposed slowly, and the soil contains less soluble nitrogen, which cannot meet the plant requirements. To promote the return of green wheat, it is necessary to pour water back to warm the water and increase the temperature of the water. The temperature can be increased by using the method of deforestation. The second method is to increase the growth of panicles and increase the rate of success. Should use the early spring delivery period, increase the return of green manure poured back to Qingshui. Three to promote large and strong stalks to prevent the occurrence of late lodging of wheat. Two prevention measures: 1. Prevent frost damage from wheat night frost, and use watering to solve the frost damage; 2. Prevent pests and diseases early in the spring. As the temperature keeps rising, the underground pests begin to move, wheat spiders, larvae, aphids, and sticks. Insects have emerged one after another and must be controlled in time. Also check wheat rust and powdery mildew.
Wheat from heading to maturity is the late growth phase of wheat. At this time, do a good job of protecting the roots of wheat to prevent premature aging. The first thing to consider is the supply of water. At this time, the soil moisture in the field should be maintained at 65% to 80%, neither too much nor too little. If there is too much water, there will be insufficient air in the soil and premature aging of the roots. If there is less water, water shortage will cause severe production loss.
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