Apple pollution-free production technologies include garden selection and planning, selection of varieties and rootstocks, establishment and establishment of gardens, soil and fertilizer water management, plastic trimming, flower and fruit management, pest control, and fruit harvesting.
Garden selection and planning
The choice of garden in the garden is mainly based on the environmental conditions, especially the climatic conditions must be suitable for the growth and development of apple trees. Topography and landform are also important factors affecting the establishment of a park. The shape and size of an orchard are mainly determined by topography and landform. Most of the apple orchards are generally located in relatively flat terrain or in relatively gentle hilly areas. This will not only be conducive to high quality and high yield, but also easy to manage. In dry areas, the establishment of a garden should choose a place with relatively near-water source irrigation facilities. In order to produce pollution-free fruit, the orchard should be far away from the city and traffic arteries, and there should be no direct and indirect pollution around the industrial and mining enterprises.
The garden orchard can be composed of one or more planting communities. The area of ​​the area varies depending on the area of ​​the orchard and the natural conditions. The mountainous area and the hilly area can be one side or one hilly area. The long side of the mountainous area must be extended along the contour lines to facilitate the development. The construction and operation management of soil and water conservation projects; the orchard roads are divided into trunk roads and small roads. The trunk roads are built between communities and are 5-8 meters wide. The roads are located in the rows of fruit trees within the community for field operations. The width is 2- 4 m; The irrigation ditches and drainage ditches in the mountain orchards can be used as a dual ditch and located on the inside of the terraces. The drainage system can also be used in conjunction with the form or direction of the plot and the road system, and natural ditches can also be used as the total drainage ditch. Orchard planning, in addition to considering the above aspects, but also consider protective forest construction, accumulation sites, grading packaging sites and buildings.
Variety and stock selection
Variety selection The selection of varieties must be based on regionalization and improved seeding, market-oriented, and facing longer-term market needs. In principle, the main cultivars are suitable for the mature period, and the high-quality, high-yield, and storage-selling are the mainstays. The adaptability of the species to local ecological conditions and cultivation conditions should also be considered. In an orchard, the main cultivars should not be excessive, with 2-3 being appropriate. In a community, only one main cultivar and 1-2 pollination cultivars are generally planted. The new area of ​​apple development is dominated by early-maturing and mid-maturing varieties. The old and late varieties of medium and late-maturing and late-maturing varieties are properly adapted; the suitable varieties include Meng, Song Benjin, U.S. 8, Uyghur, Red, General, and Outstanding. Fuji et al.
Rootstock selection Qiaohua rootstock selection of sea bream, flat wolfberry sweet tea, mountain stator, etc.; dwarf (self-root) stock selection of M26, M9, M7, Mark and CG series rootstock.
Planting establishment
Seedling selection According to different disks, select the Qiao anvil, dwarfing interstock, and rootstock seedlings. The seedlings require good root development, full buds, height above 80 cm, thickness (roots) above 0.8 cm, and grafting healing. good.
Row spacing in mountainous areas and hilly orchards is appropriately reduced, and flat orchards are appropriately increased; row spacing of Qiao stocks and nursery stocks should be 2.5-33-5 meters; dwarfing interstocks and short-stemmed varieties should be selected 2-2.53-3.5 m; dwarf rootstocks should be selected 1.8-2.52-3 meters.
Planting seasons and methods In areas with severe winter, early spring breeze, and dryness, it is usually advisable to plant the soil before the soil is thawed until it has sprouted. In winter, cold and early spring lighter areas can be planted in the fall or in the spring. Before planting, dig 40 cm square holes in the large hole (ditch) after watering. Dig the soil and fill in 15-20 kg of organic fertilizer that is crushed, 50-100 grams of nitrogen fertilizer, and soil. Mix thoroughly and evenly. P-deficient soil is best mixed with 50-100 g of phosphoric acid diamine. Fill the soil with too much fertilizer into small pits up to 20 cm below the ground, put seedlings to extend the root system, and continue to bury the soil that was left in the nursery at the base of the seedlings. Lightly tap and water immediately. After the planting, it will be dried shortly from 60-80 cm above the ground. Immediately after drying, cover the tree plates with agricultural mulch (1 square meter per plant or more) to raise the temperature and improve the survival rate.
Soil and Fertilizer Water Management
Soil Management 1 Deep-ripening soil: In the first few years after the sapling was planted, each year, starting with the outer edge of the planting hole, combined with autumn basal fertilization, excavate an annular groove with a width of 80-100 cm and a depth of 40-60 cm. Pick clean stones, add weeds and organic fertilizer until the garden is rummaged. 2 Soil improvement: For orchards with thin soil layers and bare roots, fall/winter seasons are to be carried out on a tree plate or a whole garden, with thick soil layers; sand or clay orchards can be mixed with clay or sand; The soil is mixed with the thick soil. Before the soil is pressed, the ground should be ground and then the soil is pressed. The thickness is generally 5-10 cm, and the mixture is mixed. 3 Orchard intercropping: In order to make full use of the land, during the initial period of the establishment of the park, the dwarf nitrogen-fixing crops such as peanuts and beans can be grown between the orchards, and it is forbidden to plant high-stalk crops and autumn vegetables. 4 Orchard sowing grass: planting leguminous or camphoraceous grass species between fruit trees, or naturally growing grass, and fertilizing, irrigating, cutting, etc., and managing the raw grass. , Make the grass rejuvenate. Commonly used grasses include clover, ryegrass, burrs, etc. 5 Orchard Mulching: Normally when the ground temperature in May has risen. Covering 1500 kilograms of grass per acre, covering the thickness of 20-25 cm. In order to prevent wind and fire, sporadic soil pressure shall be applied to the tree trays. Leave the grass within 50 centimeters around the trunk to cover the grass, in order to ensure rhizome movement and circulation. Before covering the grass, sufficient nitrogen fertilizer should be applied (usually 0.5-1 kg of urea per plant), and weeding and weeding to level the ground.
Orchard Fertilizer 1 Base Fertilizer: After autumn fruit is harvested, organic fertilizers are mainly used, such as compost, manure, ring fertilizer, manure, green manure, straw, weeds, etc., and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is added. The amount of schferfoil generally accounts for 70% of the total fertilization of fruit trees for the whole year, and the specific fertilization rate for fertilizing per kilogram of apple is 1.5-2 kilograms of high-quality farmhouse fertilization standards. Generally, 3000-5000 kilograms of organic manure is applied per mus of apple orchards in general. . The method of applying basal fertilization generally uses annular furrows, radial furrows, and multiple points and other methods. The depth of furrows is 60-80 cm. In dense gardens and matured fruit gardens, ground spreading method can also be used. After spreading, it is turned 20 cm deep. 2 Soil topdressing: Soil topdressing is dominated by chemical fertilizers, and fertilizers are generally topdressed 3 times a year during the growing season. The first time before and after germination, the main nitrogen fertilizer was used; in the second flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement period, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were mainly used, and NPK was mixed; the third time in fruit growth stage, potassium fertilizer was dominant. The amount of fertilization is determined by the local soil conditions and fertilization characteristics. As a result, the tree generally requires 1 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.5 kg of pure phosphorus, and 1 kg of pure potassium for each 100 kg of apples. Fertilization method is to ditch under the canopy, 15-20 cm deep, timely irrigation after top dressing. The last topdressing was carried out 30 days before the fruit harvesting period. 3 top-dressing: top dressing should be based on tree growth and the results need to be combined with spray, generally 4-5 sprays per year, 2 times in the early stage of growth, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; 2-3 times in the later stage, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. , can make up the application of fruit tree growth and development of trace elements. Fertilizers commonly used are urea (0.3-0.5%), borax (0.1-0.3%), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.2-0.3%). The last extra-root dressing was performed 20 days before the fruit harvesting period. 4 Irrigation: The principle of total irrigation is spring irrigation to promote the growth of the shoots; irrigation is controlled from late May to June to control the growth of the shoots, accumulate nutrients, and promote flower bud differentiation; in July and August drainage and flood control; autumn irrigation promotes root growth And to prevent premature leaf senescence, improve leaf function, enhance nutrient accumulation and storage; defoliation and irrigation ensure that the apple tree safely overwinters.
Garden selection and planning
The choice of garden in the garden is mainly based on the environmental conditions, especially the climatic conditions must be suitable for the growth and development of apple trees. Topography and landform are also important factors affecting the establishment of a park. The shape and size of an orchard are mainly determined by topography and landform. Most of the apple orchards are generally located in relatively flat terrain or in relatively gentle hilly areas. This will not only be conducive to high quality and high yield, but also easy to manage. In dry areas, the establishment of a garden should choose a place with relatively near-water source irrigation facilities. In order to produce pollution-free fruit, the orchard should be far away from the city and traffic arteries, and there should be no direct and indirect pollution around the industrial and mining enterprises.
The garden orchard can be composed of one or more planting communities. The area of ​​the area varies depending on the area of ​​the orchard and the natural conditions. The mountainous area and the hilly area can be one side or one hilly area. The long side of the mountainous area must be extended along the contour lines to facilitate the development. The construction and operation management of soil and water conservation projects; the orchard roads are divided into trunk roads and small roads. The trunk roads are built between communities and are 5-8 meters wide. The roads are located in the rows of fruit trees within the community for field operations. The width is 2- 4 m; The irrigation ditches and drainage ditches in the mountain orchards can be used as a dual ditch and located on the inside of the terraces. The drainage system can also be used in conjunction with the form or direction of the plot and the road system, and natural ditches can also be used as the total drainage ditch. Orchard planning, in addition to considering the above aspects, but also consider protective forest construction, accumulation sites, grading packaging sites and buildings.
Variety and stock selection
Variety selection The selection of varieties must be based on regionalization and improved seeding, market-oriented, and facing longer-term market needs. In principle, the main cultivars are suitable for the mature period, and the high-quality, high-yield, and storage-selling are the mainstays. The adaptability of the species to local ecological conditions and cultivation conditions should also be considered. In an orchard, the main cultivars should not be excessive, with 2-3 being appropriate. In a community, only one main cultivar and 1-2 pollination cultivars are generally planted. The new area of ​​apple development is dominated by early-maturing and mid-maturing varieties. The old and late varieties of medium and late-maturing and late-maturing varieties are properly adapted; the suitable varieties include Meng, Song Benjin, U.S. 8, Uyghur, Red, General, and Outstanding. Fuji et al.
Rootstock selection Qiaohua rootstock selection of sea bream, flat wolfberry sweet tea, mountain stator, etc.; dwarf (self-root) stock selection of M26, M9, M7, Mark and CG series rootstock.
Planting establishment
Seedling selection According to different disks, select the Qiao anvil, dwarfing interstock, and rootstock seedlings. The seedlings require good root development, full buds, height above 80 cm, thickness (roots) above 0.8 cm, and grafting healing. good.
Row spacing in mountainous areas and hilly orchards is appropriately reduced, and flat orchards are appropriately increased; row spacing of Qiao stocks and nursery stocks should be 2.5-33-5 meters; dwarfing interstocks and short-stemmed varieties should be selected 2-2.53-3.5 m; dwarf rootstocks should be selected 1.8-2.52-3 meters.
Planting seasons and methods In areas with severe winter, early spring breeze, and dryness, it is usually advisable to plant the soil before the soil is thawed until it has sprouted. In winter, cold and early spring lighter areas can be planted in the fall or in the spring. Before planting, dig 40 cm square holes in the large hole (ditch) after watering. Dig the soil and fill in 15-20 kg of organic fertilizer that is crushed, 50-100 grams of nitrogen fertilizer, and soil. Mix thoroughly and evenly. P-deficient soil is best mixed with 50-100 g of phosphoric acid diamine. Fill the soil with too much fertilizer into small pits up to 20 cm below the ground, put seedlings to extend the root system, and continue to bury the soil that was left in the nursery at the base of the seedlings. Lightly tap and water immediately. After the planting, it will be dried shortly from 60-80 cm above the ground. Immediately after drying, cover the tree plates with agricultural mulch (1 square meter per plant or more) to raise the temperature and improve the survival rate.
Soil and Fertilizer Water Management
Soil Management 1 Deep-ripening soil: In the first few years after the sapling was planted, each year, starting with the outer edge of the planting hole, combined with autumn basal fertilization, excavate an annular groove with a width of 80-100 cm and a depth of 40-60 cm. Pick clean stones, add weeds and organic fertilizer until the garden is rummaged. 2 Soil improvement: For orchards with thin soil layers and bare roots, fall/winter seasons are to be carried out on a tree plate or a whole garden, with thick soil layers; sand or clay orchards can be mixed with clay or sand; The soil is mixed with the thick soil. Before the soil is pressed, the ground should be ground and then the soil is pressed. The thickness is generally 5-10 cm, and the mixture is mixed. 3 Orchard intercropping: In order to make full use of the land, during the initial period of the establishment of the park, the dwarf nitrogen-fixing crops such as peanuts and beans can be grown between the orchards, and it is forbidden to plant high-stalk crops and autumn vegetables. 4 Orchard sowing grass: planting leguminous or camphoraceous grass species between fruit trees, or naturally growing grass, and fertilizing, irrigating, cutting, etc., and managing the raw grass. , Make the grass rejuvenate. Commonly used grasses include clover, ryegrass, burrs, etc. 5 Orchard Mulching: Normally when the ground temperature in May has risen. Covering 1500 kilograms of grass per acre, covering the thickness of 20-25 cm. In order to prevent wind and fire, sporadic soil pressure shall be applied to the tree trays. Leave the grass within 50 centimeters around the trunk to cover the grass, in order to ensure rhizome movement and circulation. Before covering the grass, sufficient nitrogen fertilizer should be applied (usually 0.5-1 kg of urea per plant), and weeding and weeding to level the ground.
Orchard Fertilizer 1 Base Fertilizer: After autumn fruit is harvested, organic fertilizers are mainly used, such as compost, manure, ring fertilizer, manure, green manure, straw, weeds, etc., and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is added. The amount of schferfoil generally accounts for 70% of the total fertilization of fruit trees for the whole year, and the specific fertilization rate for fertilizing per kilogram of apple is 1.5-2 kilograms of high-quality farmhouse fertilization standards. Generally, 3000-5000 kilograms of organic manure is applied per mus of apple orchards in general. . The method of applying basal fertilization generally uses annular furrows, radial furrows, and multiple points and other methods. The depth of furrows is 60-80 cm. In dense gardens and matured fruit gardens, ground spreading method can also be used. After spreading, it is turned 20 cm deep. 2 Soil topdressing: Soil topdressing is dominated by chemical fertilizers, and fertilizers are generally topdressed 3 times a year during the growing season. The first time before and after germination, the main nitrogen fertilizer was used; in the second flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement period, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were mainly used, and NPK was mixed; the third time in fruit growth stage, potassium fertilizer was dominant. The amount of fertilization is determined by the local soil conditions and fertilization characteristics. As a result, the tree generally requires 1 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.5 kg of pure phosphorus, and 1 kg of pure potassium for each 100 kg of apples. Fertilization method is to ditch under the canopy, 15-20 cm deep, timely irrigation after top dressing. The last topdressing was carried out 30 days before the fruit harvesting period. 3 top-dressing: top dressing should be based on tree growth and the results need to be combined with spray, generally 4-5 sprays per year, 2 times in the early stage of growth, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; 2-3 times in the later stage, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. , can make up the application of fruit tree growth and development of trace elements. Fertilizers commonly used are urea (0.3-0.5%), borax (0.1-0.3%), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.2-0.3%). The last extra-root dressing was performed 20 days before the fruit harvesting period. 4 Irrigation: The principle of total irrigation is spring irrigation to promote the growth of the shoots; irrigation is controlled from late May to June to control the growth of the shoots, accumulate nutrients, and promote flower bud differentiation; in July and August drainage and flood control; autumn irrigation promotes root growth And to prevent premature leaf senescence, improve leaf function, enhance nutrient accumulation and storage; defoliation and irrigation ensure that the apple tree safely overwinters.
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