Measles: Old infectious diseases return to people's sight
January 30, 2015 Source: Sina Technology
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On the evening of the 27th, the Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported that a measles outbreak occurred in a building in Dongcheng District. As of the 28th, a total of 142 cases of measles were reported in Beijing. A few days ago, on the 22nd, a measles outbreak occurred in California, and 42 of them were confirmed to be infected directly at Disneyland.
The United States announced that it had eliminated measles 15 years ago and has recently made a comeback. Every time we were vaccinated against measles, this time in the Dongcheng District epidemic, there are so many adults. This can not help but let us want to know, what kind of infectious disease is measles?
a long-established virus
Measles is one of the most common acute respiratory infections in children. It is highly contagious and is prone to pandemic in a densely populated area where it is not vaccinated. A pandemic occurred in about 2-3 years.
According to the records, the ancient Chinese medical book (the one that said Zhang Zhongjing's "Golden Chamber") was as early as 196-220 AD, that is, there is a measles narrative; in 1023-1104, the disease was recognized as an infectious disease. And can be initially distinguished from smallpox. The name "Measles" was first proposed in 1576, which was recognized for its prevalence and certain immunity.
The earliest foreign record of measles appeared in the ninth century AD, when Arab medical scientists thought that the clinic was a light ceiling, and it was only recognized in 1675 as an independent disease. The first exact description of the measles epidemiology in the Faroe Islands was made in 1864 and confirmed that measles is transmitted through the respiratory tract between humans and humans.
In 1864, Benner confirmed that measles was spread through the respiratory tract and passed from person to person. The incubation period was 14 days, and life-time immunity was obtained. In 1911, Gothenburg confirmed that the measles pathogen was a filter. virus.
Measles outbreak history and symptoms
In 1959, a measles epidemic occurred nationwide, with a reported incidence of about 10 million, and a reported death toll of about 300,000. The annual reported incidence rate was as high as 1432/100,000, and the case fatality rate was about 3%.
In the past, people in China have always had the saying that "children have had rashes and acne, and they have solved the problem of smashing the king". Pox refers to smallpox, and rash refers to measles. Before the use of measles vaccine, the incidence of measles in China was high. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Health, the average annual incidence of measles in China was 590/100,000 in 1950-1965.
"Three days of rash, three days back three days"
Measles symptoms include fever, upper respiratory tract inflammation, cough, conjunctivitis, red maculopapular rash on the skin, etc., which can cause pneumonia when the condition is severe.
From fever to rash, usually 3-4 days, often accompanied by cough, stuffy nose, runny nose, pharyngeal congestion, hoarseness, conjunctival inflammation, congestion, tearing, fear of light, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc. The body temperature rises, sometimes even as high as 40 °C.
On the 2nd and 3rd day of the disease, white needle-like spots can be seen on the mucous membrane on the inner side of the cheek. There are red halos around the spots, which will gradually increase and fuse; the range can be extended to the inner side of the lips, which often subsides for about 2 days.
After 3-5 days of rash, it will fade in the order of rash, slowly change from red to brown, there will be pigmentation, and the epidermis will have sputum-like desquamation.
Hard and arduous struggle: vaccine development
Measles virus is not strong in external resistance, and is easily inactivated by ultraviolet light and general disinfectant; cold and heat-resistant, can survive for 5 months at 4 °C, 5 years at -15 °C; only survive for 2 hours at 20-37 °C, 56 °C It was destroyed in 30 minutes.
However, before the advent of specific immunological prevention, except for the short-term protection of the newborn by the mother-transmitted antibody, everyone is susceptible, and the post-mortem immunity is more persistent; and since the initial exposure of the susceptible person is almost always a dominant infection, the incidence rate Very high, almost equal to the birth rate. The struggle between mankind and measles has been in a passive position.
In 1930, Breez applied chicken embryo culture measles virus successfully; in 1954, Endo and other human embryonic kidney and human amniotic cells cultured the virus successfully; in 1963, the United States successfully applied the chicken embryo amniocentesis and chicken embryo monolayer Vaccines were prepared from attenuated strains passaged by cells.
In the 1950s, Chinese scholars used monkey kidney cell tissue culture to successfully isolate measles virus. In 1965, China's self-made live attenuated measles vaccine was successful. After the promotion and application, the incidence and mortality of measles were significantly reduced, and the measles pandemic was basically controlled.
However, due to the increase in population mobility, and the decrease in immunity with age after priming, the measles epidemic has increased in recent years. In the past year, measles has continued to be high in Beijing. In 2014, the city reported 2,391 cases of measles, an increase of 323.19% over 2013.
Why are there many adults sick this time?
The city's disease control experts said that for people who have had natural measles infection, it is equivalent to obtaining lifelong immunity, and measles will not occur again under normal circumstances.
It is currently believed that the measles vaccine can obtain a long-lasting immune effect after successful immunization. However, some experts said that one of the reasons for high measles in adults may be that the general measles vaccine is valid for up to 10 years. Last year, young people with measles in Shenyang were 20 to 30 years old, just in the age of measles vaccine. In addition, in the past, it has been considered that the virus diagnosis of the virus is stable, but in recent years, it has been suggested that the virus antigen of the measles is also mutated.
Got a measles adjustment
General treatment: multi-bed rest, maintain proper temperature and humidity in the room, keep ventilation and keep the air fresh; keep skin, mucous membranes and oral cleanliness, rinse mouth with salt water several times a day; eat nutritious food that is easy to digest, drink plenty of water; When a rash occurs in the heart of the hands and feet, it indicates that the rash has finished and enters the recovery period.
Pay attention to the condition and seek medical attention immediately when there is a complication.
Symptomatic treatment: small doses of antipyretic can be used in high fever; antitussives can be used for severe cough; antibiotics can be used in the case of infection.
Don't treat urticaria as measles
The names of the two diseases are very similar, but they are not the same thing at all. If you confuse yourself, the result will be very troublesome.
Measles is an acute respiratory infection caused by measles virus. The order of rash is neck-head and face-torso-extremities-extremities, often accompanied by complications. It should be treated as soon as possible after hospitalization.
Urticaria is a skin allergy caused by allergies. The order of the rash is uncertain. The symptoms are itchy skin. When it starts, it should be eliminated. After the illness, the allergen should be found this morning.
Reference: "Infectious Diseases"
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