Meat pigeon breeding technology

Variety Selection In many aquaculture industries, the new breed of breeding pigeons, which has emerged as a new breed, is attracting a large number of specialized breeding households and farmers, and gradually forming scale. The characteristics of its culture are: 1 simple breeding equipment. General farmer raising, can use the outdoor part under the empty house or eaves, use the old rabbit cage and other old materials to rebuild; 2 feeding and management is convenient. Breeders have the ability to hatch, feed, and care for pigeons. People do not need to spend as much time as feeding chicks; 3 meat pigeons are more resistant. A devastating infectious disease is less deceiving than a bird and can withstand cold and heat. 4 Breeding period is short, and the breeding pigeons have a long service life. It takes only 4-5 weeks for the pigeons to go from birth to the market. The breeder's reproductive life span can be as long as 5 and a half years, and some can reach 6-7 years; 5 Pigeons consume less material and have higher economic returns. When a pigeon is sterile, it only needs to eat 40-50 grams of feed every day. When it is brooded, it gradually increases to no more than 100 grams. A pigeon can grow to 0.5 kg from broken shells for more than 20 days. :1. Pigeons belong to the class of birds and are taxonomically classified as birds, pigeon-shaped heads, cockroaches and pigeons. Meat pigeons are the species that people have developed through long-term breeding. Ideal meat pigeons should be large in size, fast growing, have good meat-producing properties, have high feed rewards, have strong fertility, and have good health and are easy to raise. At present, there are two kinds of breeding that are common: the king pigeon is also known as the king pigeon and the king of the United States. Originating in the United States, it is a breed of multi-producing meat pigeons that has been successfully cross-breeded using four pigeon breeds of the Teutonic pigeon, the Montegen pigeon, the carrier pigeon, and the Matisse pigeon. The body plumage is compact, the body is short and blocky, the body is upright, the head is medium and big and slightly round, the tail is horizontal and the chest is deep and long. The average standard weight of old birds is 806-930 grams. Feathers are white, blue, red and yellow, and are mostly white. One breeder breeds 12-14 eggs a year and is a popular breed in production. Shiqi pigeon is originally produced in Shiqi, Zhongshan County, Guangdong Province. It was produced by crossbreeding the local pigeons with Dawang pigeons, Huandai pigeons and Carney pigeons. The standard body shape resembles the plantain's banana buds. The coat color is the second line of gray and is fine. The rain pattern is dominant, with a maximum weight of 900 grams for the cocks and 750 grams for the hens. The eggs are generally produced with 14-16 eggs annually. It is a famous pigeon species in China. French pigeons are not good at flying and are easy to raise indoors. The pigeon weighs about 1 kilogram and can weigh up to 2.5 kilograms. It is characterized by large size, strong fertility, and easy rearing. The large Hummer is a descendant of the Hempel, King Dove, and Carnus pigeons. It is slightly smaller than Wang Ge, but is good at hatching and brooding. In addition, there are also pigeons, such as kannu pigeons, white king swiss pigeons, podes pigeons, quail pigeons, strathschel, dakanam, and tianjin black pigeons. When selecting the site of the pigeon house to select the site of the pigeon house, the following factors must be taken into account: First, it is convenient for traffic and it is conducive to epidemic prevention. That is, it is not less than 500 meters away from the main road and there are no other livestock and poultry farms and polluted air within 100 meters. , The water source of the factory, in order to facilitate the prevention of epidemic; Second, the terrain Gaozao, drainage conditions are good, sunny; Third, abundant water, water supply, water quality is good; Fourth, solid soil, good permeability, can often keep the ground dry. The rational arrangement of the lofts and their affiliated buildings should be built at a high altitude with good air circulation. It is best to face south to make the lofts cool in winter and cool in summer. The entrance to the feeds should be strictly separated from the outlets of pigeon dirt and the import should be The plan is on the upwind, and the exit is set on the downwind; pigeons and other livestock and poultry are forbidden to be polyculture within a breeding area, and there should be a certain distance between the field and the farm. Within the breeding area of ​​pigeons, pigeons should be produced as much as possible. The breeding pigeons (child pigeons) and the pigeons for sale are divided into breeding communities. In the downwind direction away from the breeding area, a certain number of sick pigeons were built accordingly. The distance between the living quarters of the employees and the loft should not be less than 50 meters. Each pigeon loft must also have a smaller and effective disinfection pool to prevent disease. Feeding equipment Pigeon breeding equipment includes pigeon lofts and breeding pigeon equipment. A small number of breeders in the loft can set up simple pigeon cages according to local conditions. Professional breeders often use the following types of lofts or pigeon cages: (1) Group breeding lofts: Each loft is divided into 4-6 rooms with bamboo or bamboo cages of 12 square meters each. 25-30 pairs of pigeons. The interior floor is paved with brick or cement and is slightly inclined. Walls open convection ventilation windows and open drains. In addition, many pigeon pigeon habitats need to be set in the house. (2) Single row lofts: The entire loft is 16 meters long and 3.8 meters wide. The pigeonhole is layered (4 layers is suitable) and arranged into small houses. The pigeon cages can be made of brick or cement, each with a depth and width of 50 cm and a height of 4.5 cm. Each pigeon cage is equipped with a sports field surrounded by columns and barbed wire with cement. The size of the field is basically the same as the cage and can be slightly deeper. A pair of pigeons per cage. (3) Pigeon cage: There are cabinet type and box type. The cabinet-style pigeon cage is generally divided into four layers. The entire cabinet is 2.07 meters high, 1.20 meters wide and 0.5 meters deep. The pigeon cages are 50 cm high, 60 cm wide and 50 cm deep. This can be stacked, lifted or discharged in a single layer and combined easily. The pigeon breeding equipment mainly includes pigeon nests, troughs, drinking fountains, salt boxes, bath boxes, fake eggs and pigeon rings. Each breeding pigeon needs two nest bowls for egg production, hatching, and brooding. The pigeonholes have various types of plaster basins, corrugated, tubs and other types, generally about 24 cm in diameter and 8 cm in height. The nest needs soft grass when used. The design of the trough and drinker can refer to the chicken, with a slightly smaller size. In addition, a plastic ring must be placed on the pigeon's feet, numbered, and a concise record filled in so that it can be easily established and lost. For breeding breeders, make a dummy egg with plaster, mortar, or other glue to make it the same size, shape, and color as real eggs. If one of the 2 eggs is a non-fertilized egg, remove the fertilized egg and replace it with a dummy egg. After the breeder is hatched for a few days, remove the dummy egg and the non-fertilized egg, prompting the breeder to breed eggs in advance. . The fertilized eggs are then hatched in another breeding pigeon nest. The breeding of meat pigeons is based on practical production experience. Under normal circumstances, a pair of production breeders will lay eggs and incubate 6-8 nests a year. In the breeding season, the interval between two nest eggs is generally 40-45 days, the shortest is 28-30 days, the longest is 50-60 days, and the majority of eggs are two at a time. The breeding process is as follows: The spouse youngsters (also known as weaned youngsters, which refers to the 30-day-old bred pigeons from the nesting group to the sexually mature pairing) change their main wing feathers to 7-8 roots and their age reaches 60-180 days. The pigeon's sexual performance gradually matured, and the male and female pigeons chased each other and the cocks showed a high head and chest. The neck airbags inflated, the tail feathers spread out into a fan-like shape, followed closely by the hens, and continuously issued a buzzing sound; The hens gradually approached the cocks, turned around the cocks, nodded and whispered, and finally kissed each other with a cub, and soon mate. The production pigeons, in the 3 days before the laying of eggs, are mostly hens actively seeking courtship, showing a continuous whispered "buzzing" cry, close to the cocks, and crouching towards the cock's abdomen; the cock is issued The high "squeaky" cry was used as a title gesture and mating was soon completed. When the nesting is successful, it has the instinct of nesting grass. However, under caged conditions, the breeder should prepare the nests in time. Generally, two nests are provided in each pair of relatives to ensure that some high-producing pigeons are in a nest and ready for the next nest. . The laying hens start laying eggs about 8 days after mating. Under normal circumstances, the first egg is mostly produced in the afternoon, and the second egg is produced 45-48 hours apart. In this production gap, the male and female pigeons tend to stand in their nests alternately. Some hatchlings hatch their first egg and start hatching. The passer-family pigeons are hatched after the second egg is produced. The incubation task is shared by both male and female pigeons during the 18-day period. Inside, females and cocks are always held in rotation. It should be noted: 1 4-5 days of incubation, pigeon eggs need to see through the light once, if you see evenly distributed spider web-like blood vessels, the Department of fertilized embryos, otherwise no eggs and dead eggs; 2 hatch to the 10th day, A second egg check should be performed. If one sees an increase in the air chamber on one side and the other is completely black, the embryo develops normally, otherwise it is a dead embryo. 3 Incubation to the 15th day is performed using warm water at 18-20°C. The dirt on the egg shells soaks the eggshell to facilitate the emergence of the pigeons. After the brooding pigeons are released from the shell, the feeding of the bred pigeons is equally burdened by the male and female pigeons. The pigeons made strange calls to stimulate the pro pigeons to secrete breast milk. The pigeons put their half-opened mouth into the mouth of the pro-pigeon to suck "dove milk". Due to the rich nutrition of "pigeon milk", the pigeons grow rapidly during the lactation period. Newly hatched pigeons weigh only about 17 grams. By the age of one week, they weigh 140-144 grams. When they reach 4-5 weeks of age, the feathers have grown and the pigeons often leave their nests and flap. Walk with wings and familiarize yourself with the position of the troughs, sinks and sand drums. These actions show that the pigeons have entered the weaning period. Breeding and breeding of the pigeon's male and female pigeon identification pigeons are often performed manually. Therefore, timely identification of male and female and pigeon age discrimination is very important. On the one hand, it is possible to avoid the unfavorable phenomenon caused by imbalance of male and female in the pigeon population; on the other hand, it is possible to eliminate the low rate of caged mature pigeons, wastefully consume feed and increase the cost of feeding. Therefore, pigeon breeders must master the basic methods of male and female identification. (1) Embryonic identification method of pigeon eggs: fertilized eggs hatch 4-5 days, observed under the light, the embryo axis is symmetrical on both sides of the axis of the embryo, showing spider-shaped male embryos. On both sides of the embryo, blood-silk asymmetry was observed. On one side, filaments were long and many were short. (2) Identification of male and female pigeons: Pigeons 4-5 days old, with their anus slightly pulled open, viewed from the side, if the lower edge of the anus is shorter, the upper edge covers the lower edge, and the upper edge covers the lower edge. The cock is slightly highlighted by the edge; on the contrary, the slightly protruding lower edge covers the upper edge of the hen. (3) Identification method for male and female pigeons: Cocks have large heads, rounded arches at the top, large and slightly short mouths, large and prominent nares, thick and rigid neck bones, and large foot bones; the hen has a compact body shape The head has a small circle, the upper part is flat, the nasal tumor is small, the mouth is long and narrow, the neck is thin and soft, and the footbone is short and thin. When the pigeons were caught by hand, the males had stronger resistance, and they issued a buzzing sound; the females were gentle and sometimes issued a "click" sound. Grabbing the direction of the sub-neck facing the light, it can be seen that the male's eyes are staring, stunned, and the vicissitudes rapidly flash; the female eyes are more gentle, and the flashing film is slower. For pigeons over 3-4 months of age, when the anus of the cock is closed, it protrudes outwards and becomes hexagonal when opened; when the anus of the hen is closed, it is inwardly concave, and it is flower-shaped when opened. (4) Identification method of males and females: The identification method of young pigeons is suitable for old birds, and the old birds perform more prominently. In addition: 1 The cocks often chase the hens and turn around the hens. The neck feathers and dorsal feathers are raised. The tail feathers are open and shaped and dragged from place to place. The head frequently moves up and down, giving out a squeak. The hens performed more gently, walking slowly or half bowed; 2 males had dirty tail feathers and hens had dirty back feathers. 3 When the mating pigeon kisses, the cock opens its mouth and the hen reaches into the cock's mouth. After the kiss, the hen naturally squats and accepts the cocks for mating. 4 Most of the cocks generally hatch eggs from 10 am to 4 pm, and hens hatch eggs from 5 pm to 9 am the next morning. Feed type and formula Feed type: 1 Energy feed: mainly corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, etc.; 2 protein feed: common peas, red beans, beans, mung beans, etc.; 3 fat feeds: such as peanuts, hemp seed, Rapeseed, etc.; 4 mineral feed: shell powder, cooked (old) lime, gypsum, eggshell powder, bone meal, end of charcoal, red clay, sand, salt, auxin, vitamins, etc., its main components include calcium, phosphorus, Sodium, potassium, chlorine, iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, iodine, sulfur, magnesium, etc. The ratio of feeds to various types of feed is roughly: 3-4 energy feeds, accounting for 70%-85% of the total diet; 1-2 protein feeds, accounting for 15%-30%; 5 should be added in summer. % of mung beans, detoxification; winter should shorten the moulting time, increase the new feather gloss. 1 The breeders in the first 20 days of the brooding period, protein feed 20% -30%, energy feed 70%~80%; 2 breeders 20 days after the brooding period, protein feed 20%~25%, energy feed 75%~80%; 3 non-brooding breeder protein feed accounted for 10% to 15%, energy feed accounted for 85% to 90%; 4 preparation of health sand. The supply of adequate health sand is very important for raising meat pigeons, especially caged meat pigeons. As a supplementary food, it can make up for the lack of nutrients in the staple food and achieve full price. The commonly used formulas are: 100 parts of fine sand, 50 parts of clam powder, 0.75 parts of ferric oxide, 1.5 parts of bovine bone powder, 1 part of licorice, 1 part of alum, 1 part of gentian, 2 parts of charcoal, 1 part of plaster. . Feeding and management 1. Daily feeding management 1 point meal feeding, regular ration. Feeding times per day: 3 to 4 youngsters from the nest, 2 to 3 breeders, 75 to 100 grams of youngsters. Pairing produces 90 to 125 grams of breeders, and 80 to 110 grams of young and adult pigeons. 2 According to the age of the month, rearing in groups. Generally, after the pigeons leave the cage and live independently, they are divided into groups of about 7 per square meter, and 35 to 40 pairs are more suitable. 3 regular disinfection. The food tank must be rinsed and sterilized once every 3 days. The nest basin and free-range ground should be cleaned and disinfected after the pigeons are released from the nest and sold. 4 Water supply all day, often keeping the water fresh and clean. 5 Observe the pigeons. Every day should be carefully observed, a look at the mental dynamics; Second, look at the situation of drinking water; Third, see whether the stool form, color is political parties, if abnormal should be timely treatment. 6 regular bath. Depending on the season and climate, pigeons should be bathed once a day in summer and once every winter. The suitable time for the pigeons to bathe is around noon, every half hour. 2. In the whole process of growth and development, the pigeons are not able to feed on their own, and almost all rely on the pro pigeons to feed the sucking milk and feed, in order to prevent the pigeons from appearing dyspepsia at the age of 12 to 13 days. Food stagnation, inflammation of the pharynx, etc., in the pigeons at the age of 8 days, each pigeon was fed a 1/4 piece of feed yeast. When the pigeons reach 22 to 25 days of age and have an average weight of about 500 grams, they can be put on the market. However, in order to obtain more products, the pigeons can be artificially fattened for 5 to 7 days. The method is: Soak 50% of corn, 25% of peas, 15% of brown rice, 10% of wheat, etc., and mix them into a mixture of granules and place them in the mouth of the pigeons. 3. The youngsters in the nest should be raised and managed. The youngsters from the nest are also called youngsters. The youngsters who have just left their relatives are in the turning stage of transitioning from nursing to independent living. The feed used in the initial period should be consistent with that of the parent pigeons in terms of breed, quantity, and feeding time, and cannot be changed suddenly. Big, then change by the day. The youngsters grow up to about 6 months and enter sexual maturity. They can be paired and put into production. Before pairing, they should perform a selection and demeritization and deworming work. Pairing, selection and deworming should be carried out at the same time. 4. Pigeons produced by production pigeon breeding technology are often called "producing pigeons". Pigeons have different physiological characteristics and nutritional needs at different growth periods, and corresponding technical measures should be taken for feeding and management. In particular, pigeons are moulted once every year from August to October. During the moulting season, production is generally stopped except for high-yielding pigeons. In order to shorten the obstruction period and ensure early conversion to political party production after moulting, the amount of feed can be reduced during moulting. , or during the peak period of moulting only to drink water, add 2% zinc and 2% of zinc oxide with less than 5ppm of lead in the diet, in order to speed up the moult and increase the feather luster, until the entire pigeon group moult, Gradually restore the original feed level, you can enter the new production period. Selection of breeder for meat production 1. The purpose of choosing a large, well-fleshed breeder pigeon is to obtain a high quality pigeon. In addition to body size and body mass, the female breeders with smooth keel, deep chest, wide back, and plump muscles are selected. It is better to have a lighter coat color, and it is better to grow faster in the early stage. The offspring of this breeding breeder have high feed returns, good economic returns and strong market competitiveness. 2. Selective and amiable, easy-to-manage breeder pigeons are effective in management, closely related to the breeding habits of the breeding pigeons, disposition-prone and easy-to-fear breeding pigeons are not easy to manage and produce a large loss in the middle of the production; docile breeders are easy to manage and easy to manage. Get production. 3. Choosing breeders with high egg production and high breeding rates are generally high-yielding breeders with overlapping hatching and feeding. About 20 days after the hatchlings hatched, the second pair of eggs was obeyed. The male and female pigeons hatched one side of the egg and one side of the pigeons reared. This breeder with good breeding performance can obtain 7 to 8 pairs of commercial pigeons each year. Conversely, if the young pigeons are to be left for more than 30 days, the breeder can produce the second breeder with a low breeding rate of eggs, and only 6 pairs of commercial pigeons can be produced each year. 4. Choosing the right hatchery, the mother breeder with strong maternality is not only good at feeding, but also good at hatching eggs. During the hatching period, it is rare for the maternal strong pigeons to leave the nest, but there is no behavior to leave the nest. Poor mother breeders rarely experience the phenomenon of cold eggs from the nest, and there is no behavior of leaving eggs. Breeding pigeons with poor motherhood have occasional behaviors of cold eggs from the nest, and the phenomenon of frozen embryos frequently occurs in winter, causing great losses. The maternal strong breeder is cautious when hatching eggs; on the contrary, the poorly mated breeder breeds eggs with coarse movements and often crushes the eggs or pulls the eggs out of the nest, causing loss of production. 5. Choosing a breeder with good pigeon milk quality and a strong breeding ability is a decisive condition for obtaining a quality commercial pigeon. In addition to the feed conditions, it is crucial for good-quality, good-quality, quality pigeons to have breeders who are good at feeding youngsters and have superior quality pigeons. Pigeons with strong ability to feed youngsters can be diligently fed and fed, and they often feed their young pigeons. The pigeons with good quality pigeon milk can make the young pigeons grow quickly and vigorously within 4 days after hatching, laying the foundation for obtaining high quality pigeons. 6. The breeding pigeons with strong resistance and wide adaptability are highly resistant in the adverse environment. Even if the environmental sanitation is slightly poor, they can maintain the health of the pigeons, have a strong function, and do not see any disease all year round. I am not sick during the whole life. The most important of the above selection conditions are 1, 3, and 5, which must be satisfied. Under the premise of satisfying the above three conditions, then satisfy other conditions. To select good breeders, the spare breeders should meet 150% to 200% of the planned amount of breeding pigeons. They should be strictly screened during production until they are selected as eligible breeders. In doing so, it seems that the cost of the investment is a bit higher, but in the long production cycle, the cost is reduced, and ultimately guarantees the quality and efficiency of the meat pigeon production. The paired pigeons that produce the breeding pigeons are husband and wife. They must be male and female. They have the ability to reproduce after they become partners. This process is called pairing. Matching male and female meat pigeons is a very complicated and applicable technique. In order to reproduce the male and female pigeons together with human intentions, a series of technical treatments must be performed in order to be successful. 1. The pairing principle, whether purebred breeding or hybrid breeding, must obey the principle of strong distribution, strong distribution, and strong distribution. Try to avoid fewer, fewer, or old ageing pigeons. Every pair of pigeons must have a young bird in order to get a young bird with strong vitality. 2. Pairing procedure (1) Meet and match: The male and female pigeons paired by human beings are planned to seize the eager period of courtship between the two parties. In a quiet and non-interference environment, in a special matching cage or matching room (indoor Coops and grass nests allow both parties to get to know each other. (2) Warm nest breeding: After observing the affinity between the paired male and female pigeons, let their nests in the pre-prepared pigeon nests love to breed, celebrate the honeymoon and deepen their feelings. (3) Consolidate pairings: After completing the above two procedures, it takes about one week for the pairing to be consolidated. After seeing the first breeding act, continue to stay in the breeding cage or breeding room for a week to further strengthen and deepen feelings until the disappearance of each other and deportment. Do not move into the production of a pigeon or a pigeon loft as soon as you see the breed. 3. Matching Notes (1) The best matching period must be mastered: When the male and female pigeons are most eager to seek mateship, the male and female pigeons should be put together to get acquainted with one another to prevent the fierce cocks from hurting the crickets. (2) The environment must be quiet: to avoid the interference of human beasts and pigeons on breeding pigeons, to prevent frightening or weakening the desire for courtship, affecting the effect of the formula. (3) There must be a separate dedicated pairing or breeding loft: when pairing, the male and female must not be allowed to see the third pigeon again, eliminating the idea that both male and female pigeons have the desire to choose a third party, promoting their love-specificity. Pairing successful. Egg Production Behavior of Pigeons 1. Nestlings and nest breeders must have comfortable nests to produce eggs and enter hatchery eggs. Otherwise, even if eggs are produced, they will be discarded without hatching and their breeding ability will be lost. To do this, first create a 50 cm square cage of wood or bamboo for breeders (only 35 cm high, 40 cm wide and 40 cm deep) and place a round grass nest or round The plastic nest is fixed on the back corner of the cage and the nest is completed. The paired breeding pigeons were then placed in cages for nesting and parenting. The so-called nest is a nest that allows breeders to recognize and be familiar with their arrangement. Generally within three to five days after entering the cage, the breeding pigeons will have an affection for the human-built nests. The nesting performance will occur. The pro-pigeons will both enter the artificial nests. This phenomenon indicates that the nesting process has been completed. After another three or five days, the pigeons of the relatives are inseparable from each other, lying in their nests and making a buzzing sound. This is a satisfactory expression of the nest. This is the pro-poison process. 2. The warm nest and the nest nest are nestled in the nest and kiss each other. This process takes about one week and is commonly called warm nest. When the hens come out of their nests, the cocks will follow and return the hens to their nests. Frequent matings occur frequently. During this time, the hens spend most of their time nesting in nests, and the cocks will be returned from the surrounding grass stalks to build nests for the hens. When this occurs, the hens are about to lay eggs in the near future. 3. The hen’s performance on the day of egg production is unwilling to leave the nest within a long period of time. The first egg is laid around 4 to 5 pm, and the second egg is laid every other day. The eggs are laid between 2 and 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Pigeons only produce two eggs and then go into hatchery. Pigeon eggs hatching pigeon eggs need to go through 17 to 18 days to hatch, and hatching eggs and chickens have different principles. The hatching of the pigeons is carried out by rotation of male and female pigeons, and the male and female pigeons are in regular incubation. General hens are dominated by hatching eggs at night, and males and females are mainly hatched during the day. Breeding time between male and female pigeons is also punctual. Normally, the males hatch eggs from the hens at 9 and 10 in the morning and the hens incubate their eggs for hatchlings at about 4 pm. Therefore, the hatching of the pigeon must be carried out by both male and female. Once one side loses (lost one of them during hatching), the hatching will be interrupted. During the hatching of the pigeon eggs, two eggs are to be inspected. On the fourth day after hatching, the egg can be inspected under the light or in the sunlight. If there is a red dot in the center of the embryo, it is shaped like a spider body and a red dot. Spider embryos that are shaped like spider feet are surrounded by fertilized eggs. On the 12th day after hatching, the second egg could see obvious air chambers and black fetuses. If you do not see the fetus, the contents of the egg turn again when it is folded, it is a dead embryo egg. If one egg is left after the elimination and the breeder does not hatch the egg, it can be put into a lean egg. After concluding two eggs, the breeder will continue to hatch the egg. Incubation 16 to 17 days, the big end of the egg can see the crack, known as steamed bread, after the emergence of steamed bread can be hatched after half a day. If you do not see the shell after 20 hours, you can cut a circle along the taro, remove the top shell, pull out the head and neck of the young pigeon, and put it back into the nest to continue hatching to help the hatchlings get out of the shell and prevent the young pigeons from getting stuffy. . The young pigeons that are fed the hatchlings do not have the ability to live independently. They do not eat, they cannot walk, they cannot blink, they do not have the ability to maintain body temperature, and they rely on the pro-pigeon to feed and nurture their parents. The pigeon will die soon. Therefore, feeding young animals is the key to survival and raising the cage rate of young pigeons. Different from other birds, the pigeons that were first hatched by pigeons were newly hatched pigeons and their relatives were fed with a creamy paste-like milk with a milky color that was secreted from the crop. This pigeon's milk had high nutritional value. And it is rich in vanishing enzymes that can help digestion. In addition, the pro-pigeon feeding the young pigeons is to insert the mouth of the young pigeon into the mouth of the pro-pigeon, and then the pro-pigeon counter-vomits the pigeon's milk or food in the crop into the mouth of the young pigeon, usually after hatching. The young pigeons should first feed 3 to 4 days of pigeon milk, and gradually transition to feeds such as cereals and beans. In addition, in order to make the young birds grow well, they should also supplement the pigeons with mineral feed, ie healthy sand. After the pro-pigeon had eaten healthy sand, it was fed to the young pigeons along with the grain and bean feed. This way of mouth-to-mouth vomiting has continued until the young pigeons are out of the cage, about 30 to 35 days, when the young pigeon feathers full, not only can walk, but also can fly, they can live independently from the nest. The pro-pigeons gradually stop feeding the young pigeons within 3 to 5 days after the young pigeons come out of the nest, and the nurturing will end. At this time, the young pigeons can be put on the market after their weight reaches the standard, which can not only reduce the production cost, but also increase the raising Pigeon efficiency. Nutritional Standards and Feeding Methods 1. Meat Pigeons' Need for Nutrition Although the meat pigeons are late hatching and have no independent living ability after hatching, they grow rapidly in the early stage and can be listed in 30 days, which is faster than that of broiler chickens. The young pigeons are well-developed and their basal metabolism is high. The production of breeding pigeons is fast and nutrient-consuming. Therefore, the meat pigeons must supply full-price, balanced, high-quality feeds throughout the entire growing process, and feed them according to different nutrient standards according to different growth and production stages, so that the efficient production of meat pigeons can indeed be highly profitable. The meat pigeon has a basic vegetarian diet. It is based on plant-based foods. In addition to protein supplements for grain feeds, some high-quality protein is also taken from legumes. The scientific ratio of protein in meat pigeon feed is 14 % to 16%, the highest ratio of protein for feeding young breeders can reach 18% to 20%. Once the protein is lacking, the growth, development and reproduction of the pigeons cannot be carried out. Although the intake of vitamins is minimal, it plays a significant role and is an indispensable substance for maintaining pigeon life activities and pigeon health. The formulation of healthy sand is many at home and abroad and varies from place to place. It is suitable for China's simple general formula as follows: deep red clay 35% (crushed), shell powder 30%, coarse sand 5% ~ 7% (mung bean size), salt 5% ~ 7%, 12% to 15% of the end of charcoal, 8% to 10% of trace element additives for poultry, and 0.5% of vitamins. The above ingredients must be mixed before use. 2. Feeding of young pigeons during feeding The feeding of young pigeons during feeding is the key to raising good pigeons. The first is to diversify feed. Cereal feeds and legume feeds are each preferably contained in 2 to 3 types, and play a complementary role in feed nutrition. The second is feeding standards. The nutrient standard for feeding young pigeons' feed was 18% for crude protein and 12.14 MJ/kg for metabolic energy. The third is to ensure the supply of quality sand. The healthy sand tank is stirred once a day to keep it soft and remove the dirt and debris from the tank at any time. If the amount is insufficient, add it in time. The fourth is to ensure the supply of clean and quality drinking water. In order to prevent the diseases of young birds, preventive drugs can be added to the water. Such as feeding 0.03% potassium permanganate water or 0.02% to 0.05% furazolidone solution, can also be the enemy disease tablets, oxytetracycline tablets, poultry cholera tablets and other drugs in the water to dissolve the use of every 500 ml of water Join one or two. 3. Young pigeons and young pigeons are fed young pigeons from nestling pigeons. Youngster pigeons are called young pigeons two months later. In the young pigeons and young pigeons, there are reserved backyard breeders and, if necessary, special breeds for back-up breeders. If the transition from feeding to independent living is not well connected, it will result in loss of pigeon production. Therefore, we should pay attention to the fact that nutrition standards cannot drop abruptly. We must gradually reduce the crude protein content in nutrition standards to 15% to 16% as the youngster's foraging ability increases, and the metabolic energy gradually decreases to 11.30 to 16.72 MJ/kg. When the youngsters are converted into young birds, in order to control the premature maturation of young pigeons, depending on their development status, they can slightly increase or slightly decrease on the basis of the nutritional standards of young pigeons, so that the young pigeons can achieve sexuality after 6 months of age. Mature, enter the breeding season and switch to producing breeders. 4. Produce breeders are fed young birds that are 6 months old and have the breeding ability to switch to producing breeders. The production of breeding pigeons should be based on different periods of time, using different nutritional standards, so that it maintains a strong breeding ability and improves the economic efficiency of breeding pigeons. The feed for producing breeders should contain about 16% crude protein and 11.72 MJ/kg of metabolizable energy. In the production practice, the nutrient status and reproduction frequency can be appropriately raised and lowered. When the breeder's nutrient excess or reproductive frequency is low, the crude protein content can be reduced by 0.5 to 1 percentage point, and the metabolic energy can be reduced to 11.30 MJ/kg. On the other hand, if the breeder's nutrition is poor or the breeding frequency is high, the crude protein content can be increased by 0.5 to 1 percentage point and the metabolic energy can be adjusted to 12.14 MJ/kg. The nutritional standards for young pigeons are exactly the same as the nutritional standards for young pigeons during feeding. During this period, the breeding pigeons have to complete the feeding of the young pigeons, which consumes a lot of physical energy. It is necessary to raise the nutritional standards in order to meet the nutritional requirements of the pigeons. In addition to adopting reasonable nutrition standards, the most important thing in feeding young breeders is to ensure adequate supplies of drinking water and adequate amounts of healthy sand. Because the amount of drinking water and clean sand needed to feed a young breeder during a feeding period is more than double the non-feeding period. If there is a lack of water and health sand, the food intake of young pigeons will drop sharply. At the same time, young pigeons will suffer from indigestion, slow growth, and the body weight will not reach the selling standards, resulting in a decline in the benefits of breeding pigeons, so pay close attention to it. The amount of feedstuffs should also be doubled correspondingly. In general, as the young birds grow up, the amount of feed will gradually increase to meet the growing needs of young pigeons. 5. Feeding method Meat pigeons are fed 3 times a day. If the pigeon field is large and the number of hands is small, it is also possible to feed twice a day, but feed the young pigeons once in the middle. Feeding time is 8 am, 12 pm, 4 pm, 4 hours apart. Feed twice a day is at 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. While feeding, add water to make up sand. There are two ways to feed food: one is to fill the food, that is, to increase the feed each time you want to vote. The other is to vote for snatching food, that is, the number of meals eaten per meal is divided into several times, and the method of adding less frequently is added so that basically no food is left after feeding. Therefore, it is necessary to add a second time after eating for the first time, and then each time the amount of addition is gradually reduced, so that the pigeons can quickly eat out. Generally, it is possible to add 3 times to the principle of eating without food. Feed your young breeder pigeons to eat properly. Management of pigeons and lofts Meat pigeon management is a key link in the production of meat pigeons. It is directly related to the production value, output, cost, efficiency and development of pigeon farms. 1. Methods and precautions for contact with pigeons The pigeons are timid and frightened, so the disturbance is a taboo for pigeons. Therefore, the basis of contact with pigeons is human pigeon affinity and the cultivation of human pigeon feelings. In addition to the keepers who are often close to the pigeons, others cannot touch the pigeons and enter the loft. When people enter, the attitude should be gentle, close to the procedure to be observed, the action should be light and stable when cleaning the loft, and brutality is strictly forbidden; when the flock of pigeons appears frightened, it is necessary to eliminate the sounds, foreign objects and different colors caused by panic in time, and avoid unfamiliar strangers. People; prevent animals such as dogs, cats and rats from entering the loft and influencing the pigeons. 2. Methods and Methods to Capture Pigeons To catch pigeons in the lofts, you must first spot the pigeons you have caught, then lure them to the nest and catch them in the nest. Do not disturb the entire pigeon population. If the pigeon is not caught in the cage, you can rush it to a corner, raise your hands, open your palms, and catch from above, but do not use too much force to avoid hurting the pigeons. Do not hesitate to move your pigeons. Do not hesitate. If you use proper force, you will be successful. Do not chase after the chaos in the loft, intimidate the pigeons and damage the production. After catching the pigeons, the method of holding the pigeons is: press the pigeon's waist with your thumb, and hold the pigeon's belly with the other four fingers. At the same time, grab the pigeon's foot with your index finger and middle finger, and hold the pigeon's chest with your other hand. The pigeon body can be firmly fixed. When catching young pigeons, first place the young pigeons on the palm of your left hand, and then gently press and hold the dove back with your right hand to prevent escape or fall into the ground. 3. Hygiene and epidemic prevention in the loft The core of pigeon management is to manage the lofts and the management of the pigeons. These two aspects are also the main projects of the management of the pigeons and must be effectively managed. The loft must be clean, quiet, prevent epidemics and prevent animal damage. For this reason, there is no dung in the cage, no sewage, dirt, no odor, no mosquitoes and flies. The cages were cleaned once in the afternoon and sprayed with 3% of the Suer solution once a month. Staff enters the loft to wear work clothes and shoes. The cage must be mesh cage bottom, so that the feces can leak into the feces in time to keep the pigeon cage sanitary. The sinks, troughs, and healthy sand cups of the feeding pigeons must be placed outside the caged cages and isolated from the feces to prevent parasite infections. The shared troughs and troughs of the breeding pigeons must be protected to prevent pigeon droppings from entering the trough. The pigeon loft should also have rodent-proof equipment to prevent rat damage. The temperature in the house should be kept between 15 and 32°C, and the humidity should be around 70%. The light should be adequate, the air should be well ventilated, and the air should be fresh. In the lofts, an epidemic prevention system and a health system must be established so that regulations can be followed. 4. Pigeon body hygiene The basis of pigeon health is cage hygiene. In addition, there must be a loose outdoor net playground, a water tub, and a handle rack to maintain pigeon body hygiene. The net playground is 3 meters high. The size of the net is determined by the number of pigeons. Generally 10 pigeons are 1 square meter. The top and four sides of the net playground are closed with wire mesh. Every week during the summer and every half of the winter, the pigeons are bathed once. Choose bathing in sunny weather. Fill the basin with 0.02% solution of trichlorfon. The water depth is 5 cm. Drain the bath waste immediately after bathing to prevent the pigeons from drinking too much and poisoning. 5. Classification and group management (1) Management of feeding young pigeons: In addition to relying on feeding and nursing of young pigeons to feed young pigeons, attention should be paid to clearing the dung and dander in the nest basin in time.对弱小雏鸽要作人工补食，或将弱小雏鸽并入哺食能力强的亲鸽(两只亲鸽哺单只雏鸽的)代为哺食。但单只雏鸽大小必须与代哺雏鸽相似，毛色也要相似。为提高种鸽繁殖力，有条件的鸽场可把半月龄的雏鸽，离开亲鸽实行人工填食。 (2)后备鸽管理：首先是对刚离巢的乳鸽进行管理。管好离巢乳鸽是养好后备鸽的关键。此阶段的主要任务是帮助离巢乳鸽过好独立生活关。离巢前的乳鸽称哺食雏鸽，一切依赖亲鸽哺食哺水，自己不会吃食，又无独立生活能力。雏鸽长到30日龄后就要陆续离巢，转为后备鸽，进行独立生活，此阶段是幼鸽生活中的一个大转变，极少数离巢乳鸽由于没有学会吃食而死亡。因此管好离巢乳鸽是非常重要的。方法是把少数已经学会吃食饮水的离巢鸽与刚离巢的乳鸽混在一起，把饲料撒在明显处，水槽也放在明显处，让会吃食的离巢乳鸽带着不会吃食的离巢乳鸽一起吃食饮水，通过一二天的调教，便可学会，多数鸽在3天内都能学会采食饮水，闯过吃食饮水独立生活关。此外，还要给予洗浴，保持鸽体清洁，杀灭体外寄生虫。其次是对2～3月龄后备鸽的管理。此阶段的主要任务是加强营养，驱除体内寄生虫。饲料中要喂给20%豆类饲料，加豌豆、杂豆等。驱虫可服驱蛔灵、左旋咪唑、肠虫清，服成人量的1/6。再是搞好卫生防病。第三是4～5月龄后备鸽的管理。除了抓好卫生防病营养之外，要抓紧适时配对，为转入生产种鸽作好准备。方法可采取自然配对与人工配对相结合的办法，加快配对速度，尽快转入生产种鸽群。 (3)生产种鸽的管理：对于生产种鸽管理关键是要为其生产繁殖创造良好环境。做到鸽舍安静、卫生、营养丰富，鸽笼与巢盘(盆)合适等。另外，还要适时并蛋、并窝，保证每窝有双受精蛋，哺双雏，提高生产量。对弱小雏鸽可人工哺食，对不符合生产种用的个别种鸽要及时淘汰，补充优良种鸽。春养肉鸽要点春季是肉鸽繁殖的黄金季节，搞好肉鸽的春季饲养管理，是发展肉鸽生产，提高经济效益的关键。其具体作法： 1.抓春繁，提高雏鸽成活率春季是肉鸽产蛋、孵蛋、育雏的好时期，要抓好生产种鸽的饲养管理。重点是：①在孵蛋期要按时照蛋两次，第一次在开孵后的4～7天，第二次在10～13天。照蛋时要及时取出无精蛋和死胚蛋。做好单蛋的并窝，让其产第二窝蛋；②雏鸽出壳前夕防闷死在蛋内，必要时可人工辅助出壳。雏鸽出壳后要防止被种鸽踩死，踩伤和生长大小强弱悬殊和鼠害；③对不会孵蛋和不善哺雏的种鸽，要及时进行训练和诱导。 2.科学搭配饲料，保证营养需要种鸽的日粮要营养丰富全面，鹇多样，适口性好。营养成分含蛋白质13.5%～15%，碳水化合物65%～67%。具体配方是：玉米40%、糙米10%、小麦10%、高梁10%、豌豆20%、绿豆5%、火麻仁5%。每天喂料三次，早上7～8时，中午11～12时，下午4～5时，饮水和保健砂卫生充足，自由采食。 3.防潮湿，保持鸽舍干燥肉鸽的习性喜干燥，怕潮湿，因此，应重视防潮湿。具体方法：一是勤扫，舍内地面撒一层薄石灰，运动场垫3～5厘米厚的干净砂子；二是常开鸽舍门窗，通风换气，降低舍内湿度；二是巢盆内垫放吸水性较强的垫草，如干稻草等，并每5～7天更换一次；四是杜绝鸽舍漏雨，一旦漏雨及时检修。 4.防寒潮袭击，确保舍内温暖出壳一周的雏命需要保温，如舍内气温在0℃以下易冻死，其他鸽易感冒。春季冷空气多气温不稳定，时冷时热。要特别注意天气突然变化，一定要在冷空气到来的前夕，关闭鸽舍的门窗，做好防寒工作，保持鸽舍温度。 5.适时洗澡，保持鸽体清洁春季每月水浴2～3次即可，选择气温较暖的晴天中午进行，以0.1%的高锰酸钾(PP粉)溶液洗澡为好，浙江省浴随意。 6.搞好卫生，防治疾病要坚持每天扫栏二次，每周大扫一次，每月用5%的来苏儿或10 %～20%的石灰乳彻底消毒一次，做到鸽舍内外、饲料、饮水、食槽、饮水器和工具清洁卫生。坚持防疫制度，每天认真观察鸽群三次，发现病鸽及时隔离诊治，确保鸽群健康。夏养肉鸽要点1.严防肉鸽中暑鸽舍防止曝晒，舍内通风阴凉；在饲料中配入清热解暑的绿豆等；增加洗澡次数；定期投放清热解暑的中草药，如大黄苏打片，每次1片；产鸽巢盆垫料适量， 以选用松针为好；炎热盛夏停孵蛋，让产鸽休息。 2.供给充足的清洁饮水肉鸽夏季每只每天的饮水量为50～60毫升。 3.合理安排洗澡夏天一般选择晴天上午10～11时，每周1～2次为宜，并在浴水中交替投放0.1%～0.2%的敌百虫和0.1%高锰酸钾。 4.科学配制饲料肉鸽夏季的饲料配方法是：玉米40%、糙米、高粱、小麦各10%、豌豆20%、绿豆10%(非哺雏鸽或青年鸽可增加5%～10%稻谷，减少5%～10%豌豆)，每周添加一次禽用多种维生素。 5.搞好疾病防治做到鸽舍笼每天打扫1～2次，饮水器和饲槽每天洗刷一次，雏鸽出壳后，巢盆垫料每5天更换一次，每月药物消毒2次，药物以用10%～20%的石灰乳和3%～5%的来苏儿较安全。消灭蚊、蝇和外寄生虫，减少病源传染媒介。鸽病预防1.鸽的发病原因鸽病发生的原因有三条：一是致病生物的侵害。主要是受病原微生物和寄生虫侵害使肉鸽发病。二是营养性因素所致。如饲料品种单一，营养配比不当，饲料发生霉败和污染。三是环境所影响。如饲养管理不善，空气污浊，湿度过大，鸽舍卫生差，冬天贼风侵袭，夏天暴晒酷热等。 2.病鸽的鉴别早期鉴别病鸽的要领是抓三看：一看精神。精神异常是病鸽早期的先兆症状，是疾病表现的一个最敏感的因素。健鸽表现精神饱满，活泼好动，反应机警，不时地理毛和走动，休息时间短暂，双眼有神，口鼻清亮；而病鸽与健鸽相反，精神沉郁，反应迟钝，羽毛蓬乱，不愿走动，双眼迟呆，眼角和鼻孔有粘稠分泌物附着。二看食欲。健鸽食欲旺盛，采食极快，开喂时群养鸽则飞集食槽，急不可待；笼养鸽则攀笼展翅，伸头抢食。病鸽表现食欲减退，采食缓慢，病症轻者吃食少许，重症者食欲废绝，采食中止，甚至开喂时对饲料毫无反应，不予理采。三看粪便。健鸽不时排粪，色形正常，不带异臭，病鸽排粪减少，粪便稀粘，呈黄绿色常带恶臭，甚至夹带粘液和脓血，或混有消化不全的食物碎片。 3.鸽病预防的方针和原则鸽病必须贯彻预防为主的方针，坚持综合防制的四条原则， 即做到环境综合治理；营养科学全价；净化常紧不懈；管理制度规范。 4.鸽病预防措施(1)实行饲养管理规范化：做到饲养标准化；合理设计鸽舍；实行分群管理(参考上述各项)。 (2)建立健全卫生防疫制度：防疫卫生制度是鸽场防病的法定文书，是预防鸽病的行政技术保证。必须把贯彻鸽场防疫卫生制度作为养鸽场兴衰存亡的大事抓好。鸽体卫生制度：包括笼舍卫生及定期洗浴，并通过药浴清除体外寄生虫。鸽舍卫生制度：包括洗洁扫除，配齐卫生设施。如通风换气设施，防暑降温防寒保温设施，可因地制宜设置，鸽舍地面和鸽笼底面应是网眼笼底；设置病鸽隔离笼和隔离舍等。隔离消毒制度：包括病鸽的隔离治疗及引进鸽的隔离观察检疫，鸽舍的定期消毒，鸽具的清洗消毒等。人员的更衣消毒制度：凡入鸽舍人员都要更衣更鞋，经周身紫外线消毒及鞋底化学药品消毒。鸽群的免疫、驱虫、检疫制度：喂鸽的饲料和饮水必须经过检查，符合卫生质量标准， 方能喂用。对四周环境的要求：本场外的任何动物特别是鸽和其它禽类不得带进鸽场，本场职工也不得在生活区、办公区内养鸽、养禽。肉鸽常见病的防治肉鸽虽抗病力强，一般不易患病，但饲养管理不善也会得病，甚至死亡。介绍肉鸽的常见病及其防治方法： 1.肠胃炎肉鸽患肠胃炎后，主要表现羽毛松乱，食欲不振，腹泻。如果腹泻时粪中带血，证明病情已相当严重。对患肠胃炎的肉鸽，要停喂玉米、豌豆之类硬食，最好将小麦浸泡后再喂，以助消化。同时，给肉鸽服用磺胺胍片，每只用量为1/8～1/4片，日服4次，即可痊愈。 2.鸽痘雏鸽和青年鸽多发。其病状多为皮肤型，即在皮肤少毛处(如眼睑、嘴角、腿部等)出现特殊的痘子，初为白色小结节，并逐渐增大，互相融合形成一层黄白色假膜，阻塞口腔和咽喉，影响鸽的呼吸和吞咽，严重者最后窒息死亡。防治方法：用碘甘油涂擦患部；或用蛋白银溶液擦；也可用金银花，板蓝根，大青叶等煎水给鸽饮用。 3.生黄鸽患此病后，口腔内粘液多，并布满黄色颗粒状粘着物，有不舒服感，口时张时闭，发病主要原因是由于鸽棚污染，鸽之间互相斗欧感染。治疗方法：可将浓度5%～10% 的食盐水，用棉花签蘸于口腔内涂擦，每天4次，数日即愈。 4.嗉囊积食鸽子嗉囊积食时，主要表现食欲不振，精神沉郁，嗉囊中食物结团。造成此病的主要原因是由于鸽子过度饱食，饲料不能及进送入胃中而停带在嗉囊中，治疗此病，可用2%的盐水给鸽子灌服，随即用手轻揉嗉囊中硬块，使嗉囊中食物软化，仅复数次，便可治愈。经灌盐水后如不见效，则必须将嗉囊开刀缝合，数日即愈。 5.羽虱又叫羽虫，多寄生在鸽翅膀羽轴边和羽毛之间，以羽毛浮皮为食，故对鸽子的健康影响不太大。但当羽虫在鸽羽毛中爬动时，会影响鸽子的情绪，使鸽子焦躁不安。本病多由于鸽舍潮湿不卫生引起，治疗可用除虫菊撒于羽毛之间。每天1～2次，撒2～3天即可痊愈。提高肉鸽繁殖率的新技术肉鸽出壳后饲养30天的乳鸽达500克以上即可供食用，十分紧俏。但目前肉鸽的繁殖率不高，且国内优良纯种鸽不多。为提高优良种鸽的繁殖率和利用率，现介绍一些最新的技术措施。 1.利用保姆鸽提繁殖率种鸽出壳后，一般要到5～6月龄才能配对繁殖，交配后产2个蛋即开始孵化，孵化需18天，出壳到分窝，这样繁殖一对需48天，优良种鸽1年一般可繁殖5～7对乳鸽。如果用保姆鸽代替种鸽孵蛋及喂食，则可大大提高种鸽的利用率，一般在产蛋后10天又可重新产蛋，1年可繁殖10对以上的乳鸽。所谓"保姆鸽"系指用一般的信鸽或草鸽配对后，代替肉用种鸽来孵蛋及喂乳鸽。一般信鸽和草鸽的价值比肉用种鸽要低10倍，且食量小，孵喂性能好，且体重轻不易踩破蛋。保姆鸽的年龄不宜过大，一般应在3～4龄以内。当肉用种鸽产蛋后即保存在清洁凉爽的地方，此时如有保姆鸽产蛋，可将肉鸽取代保姆鸽蛋，保姆鸽会自行孵化。如当天没有保姆鸽产蛋，在春、秋、冬季节。一般肉鸽蛋可保存7天；春季或气温在25℃以上时，种蛋保存时间应掌握在3～4天内为宜。保姆鸽的饲养量应是肉鸽的3倍，并以每只代孵一个蛋为宜。 2.人工授精技术(1)采精：选用健壮雄鸽，采精前先单独隔离3天，每次采集约0.3毫升，可直接作输精用或保存注射器内，置于5～7℃冷藏箱中备用。 (2)输精：输精时雌鸽不需特别准备。注入精液时，必须把注射器准确插入输孵管内，每次注射量为0.05毫升。每周人工授精一次，受精率可达85%～95%。 3.人工孵化鸽蛋的人工孵化也如同其它鸽类一样，要准备好适宜的孵化室及孵化器， 孵化前孵化器及鸽蛋要进行消毒。孵化温度：鸽蛋孵化时，头2～3天温度可提高至39.6℃，以后维持在39.4℃。孵化湿度：以相对湿度为65%上下时的孵化率最高。换气：在孵化过程中如氧气断绝以至箱内的二氧化碳超过了1.5%，则蛋内的生命活动立即停止。所以要经常换气。翻蛋：鸽蛋入孵后8～10小时便要开始翻蛋，以后每日5次，持续16天。翻蛋时以洁净掌面平放蛋上轻轻推之，使下面向上，上面向下即止。翻蛋时取出箱外，箱门要关好，保持箱温。通常翻蛋后再冷却10分钟，但孵化后5天内翻蛋的时间已起到了冷蛋的作用。验蛋：孵化至第五天即须照蛋，取出无精蛋及死胚蛋。第二次照蛋在孵化第10天，照蛋后取出死胚蛋。孵化17.5～18天时雏套即破壳而出摘自：爱农网

Sachet Tomato Paste

LPG Truck & Trailer Co., Ltd. , http://www.tomato-pastes.com