The calyx, also known as squid, is one of the four major fishes in China. Its taxonomic status is 鲤-shaped, 鲤, and its body shape is similar to that of the white pheasant, but its head is relatively voluminous and occupies 1 of its length. /3, Large mouth, wide kiss, dark complexion with black spot, its ventral rib extending from the anus to the base of the pelvic fins, densely palatal, in a sheet-like form, not connected to each other, with a spiral The upper organs are small and the scales are very easy to fall off. The flower buds like to live in a fertile water body. This is suitable for the fertile water features of the Tianjin area. The flower buds generally live in the upper layers of the waters. The action is relatively slow, and the temperament is gentle and easy to fish. In the pond, it can be almost wiped out. The disease resistance of the calyx is strong and there are few diseases. Plankton is the main food, especially the zooplankton, which eats a little phytoplankton and other fine suspended substances under artificial feeding conditions. It also eats artificial diets such as bran, macerated bean cake and umbilical cake. In large bodies of water, calyx grows quite rapidly and is a good stocking fish cultured in freshwater ponds. Recently, carp head soup, casserole fish head, and fish head bubble cake are popular all over the country. For example, according to investigations, sales of daily sales of a live fish market in Xi'an in 1999 reached 5,000 kg. In May 2000, the wholesale price in Tianjin reached 15 yuan/kg. According to industry analysts, the market is optimistic before the flower bud market, so it is necessary to continue adopting new technologies for the breeding of flower buds.
1, materials and methods
1.1 The fry of the material is selected from the group consisting of dried fish meal, broken pellets, photosynthetic bacteria and some medicines.
1.2 Methods A number of fish ponds are selected to facilitate the life of the fish and are easy to manage. The fish ponds that are easy to catch and drain are used for aquaculture. Different management methods are adopted to feed different foods at different stages of the fish body.
2, steps
2.1 Fry breeding
2.1.1 Selection of Fish Ponds: It is required to be convenient for injection and drainage, neat pools, east-west direction, appropriate area size, generally 2-6 acres, suitable for water depth, generally about 1.5 meters (50-70 centimeters in the early period and 100-130 centimeters in the later period). When the embankment is firm, the soil is good, there is no water leakage, the bottom of the tank is flat, there are no bricks and gravel, and the amount of silt is appropriate. The bottom of the tank is 10-15 cm thick, which is beneficial to fertilizers and water. No water grasses are born, ponds are sunny, and the light is sufficient.
2.1.2 Stocking Density: Stocking density has a great influence on the growth and survival rate of fry. The density of fry is too large, the bait is often insufficient, the activity space (especially when the fish grows in the later period of incubation) is small, the water quality is poor, and the dissolved oxygen is low. The fry grows slowly and the body is weak, resulting in a low survival rate. Therefore, the stocking density must be appropriate. It should be based on the conditions of the fry, water source, fertilizer, food source, and conditions of the fish pond and breeding techniques. The general stocking density is 10- 150,000 tails/mu. If the seedlings grow to 18-20 mm in length, the net density can be increased, and the stocking density can be increased. The survival rate is as high as 20-25 million tails/mu.
2.1.3 The selection of fry, the young and delicate fish at the stage of fry, low feeding capacity, narrow range of food, and the invasion and coping ability of external environmental conditions and predators are low, so it is very important to choose healthy and disease-free fry.
2.1.4 Feeding: When the fish body is too small at the beginning, it mainly eats rotifers, small cladocerans and other plankton in the water body. Therefore, fertilizer ponds should be used, and the fish ponds should be treated with organic fertilizer in order to cultivate food organisms. Soybean milk feeding method, that is, water soaked soybeans, and then ground into a slurry, soy milk spilled into the pool, part of the fish fed, most play a fertilizer effect. Feeding amount is generally 3-4 kilograms of soybeans per acre, and increases to 5-6 kilograms a week. According to the amount of water used to control the amount of 10,000 summer fish, soybeans usually need 7-8 kilograms of soybeans. .
2.1.5 Water injection in stages: During the fry feeding process, inject water into the fish ponds in stages to increase the growth rate and survival rate of the fry. When the fish enters the pond, the depth of the fish pond is 50-70 cm, and then water is added every 3-5 days. , add 3-4 times of water, about 10 centimeters for each injection of water. When water is injected, use dense nets to filter wild fish and pests at the inlet, and avoid water flow directly into the bottom of the pool to stir up the water.
2.1.6 Day-to-day management: The main task is to visit the patrol ponds and observe the pool fish activities and changes in water quality and water quality once in the morning and afternoon. If any problems are found, take timely measures and determine the amount of feeding, remove the poolside weeds in time. Also pay attention to cultivating and regulating water quality. Through reasonable water injection and fertilization measures, pool water is rich in palatability natural foods and sufficient dissolved oxygen.
2.1.7 Fish training and out of the pond: After raising more than ten days in fish ponds, the weight increases by tens to hundreds of times, requiring more space for activities. At the same time, the original pool water conditions and nutritional conditions can not continue to meet the pool fish. The requirements, therefore, need to be diversified into ponds, and the fry cultivated summer fish species need to be exercised before netting, so as to enhance the juvenile constitution and improve the survival rate during the outing and transportation process. Elimination of sick and weak fish, removal of wild fish, elimination of aquatic insects, estimation of the number of fish, ease of production, stirring of sediment, and promotion of fertilizer and water.
2.1.8 Sub-pool: When the fish body reaches the summer flower specification after pulling the net, it should be divided into pools and counted.
2.2 Fish breeding
2.2.1 Pre-stocking preparation: The area of ​​the fingerling ponds is relatively large, usually 4-8 mu, and the water should be deeper, generally 1.5-2 meters. Before the stocking, organic fertilizer should be applied to cultivate. For the calyx base fertilizer, appropriate application should be made to control the worm during the peak period of the wheelworm.
2.2.2 Summer flowering: The stocking time is generally from May to June. There are two types of stocking, namely monoculture and polyculture. Polyculture is generally adopted because the habits of fish gradually show different stages at this stage, and the environmental requirements for the outside world are also different. Depending on the habits of various fishes and their adaptability to water quality, they are mixed and polycultured. This not only gives the fish a suitable growth environment, but also fully utilizes the utilization of water and economical utilization of food. The fish ponds are generally 2-3 polycultures. This experiment will raise a little fish and white mullet.
2.2.3 Feeding and management: At this time, Calyx is mainly based on plankton as the main foodstuff. The pond water requires fertility, plankton biomass is more, the ponds remove the base fertilizer before stocking, and after the summer flowering, green manure and ripe manure are applied. Regularly fill with fresh water to keep the water green and brown. When feeding artificial feeding, pay attention to the "four set" principle, that is, timing, positioning, qualitative, quantitative, in order to improve the utilization of bait, reduce the bait coefficient, the number of feeding less.
2.2.4 Day-to-day management: Inspect the pond once a day and observe the dynamics of water color and fish. Efforts are often made to eliminate grass and weeds in the pool, clean the food table, and perform food table and food disinfection. In order to protect the health of the pond, the net inspection is not only conducive to fertilizer and water, but also facilitates the inspection of the fish's growing fish diseases and other conditions, so as to reasonably establish the amount of bait and the prevention and treatment of fish diseases, and do a good job of preventing and preventing fisheries, fish diseases, and enemy predators.
2.2.5 Tongtang and wintering: At the end of fall and winter, when the temperature of the water drops below 10 degrees, the fish are not feeding. At this time, the fish have to be fished out, and the fish is concentrated and stored in deeper ponds for winter. The idea is to stop investing in the week before the pond. Feeding, picking the net out of the pond on a sunny day, and pulling the nets and operations during the pond must be careful so as to avoid fish injuries and hydromycosis during the winter. The water depth in the storage pool is more than 2 meters, the sun is sunny, and the sludge is less , And after the pond should be in the icing to prevent oxygen deficiency, strict waterproof birds harm.
2.3 Feeding of adult fish
2.3.1 The growth of carp is very fast, and the average first-instar fish can reach 0.5-1 kg.
2.3.2 Pond conditions: Water source and water quality requirements, adequate water sources, convenient transportation, convenient water injection and drainage, good water quality, high dissolved oxygen, no toxic substances, area and water depth, according to the current production level, adult fish production is generally 10 acres. Right and left are more suitable, such as better production conditions, and then some can also be larger, the depth of the pond is generally more suitable for 2-3 meters, the pond shape should be neat and regular, the best is the east-west rectangular, which is easy to feed and management Pulling nets and other operations, when water is injected, it is relatively easy to cause the whole pool to flow, which is beneficial to the rescue of fish floating heads, and other east-west ponds can receive longer sunshine, which can promote the reproduction of plankton and increase the water temperature. In addition, photosynthetic bacteria should be used to cultivate zooplankton before stocking.
2.3.3 Selection of fish species: Fish species are the above-mentioned winter-old first-year fry, which avoids fish damage caused by long-term transport of fish species, resulting in death and increase in survival rate and growth rate. Fish species should be the same age species. The specifications are the same, the body length is almost the same, the back muscles are thick, the color is bright, the scales and fins are intact, the swimming is lively and normal, and the water tracing is strong. After leaving the water, it is not covered in the basin, the tail is not bent, and the beating is not repeated. The body surface is free from scars and parasitic parasites.
2.3.4 Stocking Density Time: The general stocking is 700 tails/mu, the daytime is 100 tails/mu, and a small amount of sturgeon is put in order to make full use of the remaining food, organic debris and natural food organisms. Early stocking is generally conducted in mid-April or early May. At this time, the water temperature is low and the fish activity is weak. The fish is not easy to be injured during fishing and stocking, which can reduce the incidence during the rearing process and improve the survival rate of the species. The shortening of the overdue, early fish species opening, extended the growth period.
2.3.5 Fertilization and Feeding: Fertilization is mainly the reproduction of plankton, epiphytic algae, zoobenthos, etc., to increase the natural feed of oysters, oysters, and oysters, and if it is to obtain high yields, it is necessary to increase the full-price artificial feed after crushing. At this time, the bait-feeding bait-feeding machine is used because the food intake of the fish has increased significantly. When the feed is started, some dry fish and insects can be thrown in first, and then gradually the domesticated feed is fed to the broken artificial diet. Feed medicinal materials, regulate their digestion and enhance their constitution, and pay attention to the principle of “Four Sets†when feeding: timing, positioning, qualitative, quantitative, and the amount of feeding should be flexibly controlled according to the specific conditions of the fish’s eating and eating conditions, weather, and water quality. .
2.3.6 Pond Management: Pipes are an important part of adult fish farming. They should be constantly patrolled in ponds to observe the dynamics of pond fish, remove weeds at any time, keep fresh water and ponds in a sanitary environment, prevent and treat diseases in time, and master pool water injection and drainage. Appropriate amount of water, regular inspection of fish, good pond log, and the other should prevent floating head and pan pool, in this case to step up rescue, take first aid measures, open aerators and so on.
2.3.7 Overwintering of fish: For wintering fish, effective measures should be taken to reduce the mortality rate. The specific method is to intensively feed before winter, increase fat accumulation, increase the fullness of the fish, and select and cultivate cold-hardened varieties. Disinfect the fish to minimize disease and damage fish, select good wintering waters, improve and create a good wintering environment, reasonably arrange wintering densities, strengthen overwintering management, and shorten wintering time.
3. Results After 1 year of cultivation, the fish were salvaged and weighed. The fish size was 2.5 kg/over or more, which met the specifications of the commodity. The fish fed this experiment was of good quality and was healthy and lively. After long-distance transportation, the fish mortality rate was 3. Low, easy to transport, increased survival rate, catered to the Chinese consumer's preference for eating fresh fish, and the easy-to-get economic benefits and social benefits of feeding this fish meet the needs of the people, market demand, and make certain for the vegetable blue project. The contribution of the flower bud as a mid-range fish that is both economical and delicious, in the case of continuous innovation of its breeding technology, it can surely achieve stable production and high yield.
4, summary and discussion
1.1 Through research on the breeding of specific calyx, it is found that the breeding techniques of calyx are generally traditional breeding methods. In the current economic development, it is very important to improve the culture technology, and at the same time to obtain economic benefits, increase appropriately. Some of the cost investment, the use of some new technologies, new methods, so that further increase in fish production.
2.2 The application of photosynthetic bacteria will increase the productivity of zooplankton in the water, and promote the growth and yield of the calyx. The artificially-prepared whole-grain pellet feed makes it possible to increase the yield per unit of large-scale farming, and the touch-type bait-feeder is Calyx eating habits.
1, materials and methods
1.1 The fry of the material is selected from the group consisting of dried fish meal, broken pellets, photosynthetic bacteria and some medicines.
1.2 Methods A number of fish ponds are selected to facilitate the life of the fish and are easy to manage. The fish ponds that are easy to catch and drain are used for aquaculture. Different management methods are adopted to feed different foods at different stages of the fish body.
2, steps
2.1 Fry breeding
2.1.1 Selection of Fish Ponds: It is required to be convenient for injection and drainage, neat pools, east-west direction, appropriate area size, generally 2-6 acres, suitable for water depth, generally about 1.5 meters (50-70 centimeters in the early period and 100-130 centimeters in the later period). When the embankment is firm, the soil is good, there is no water leakage, the bottom of the tank is flat, there are no bricks and gravel, and the amount of silt is appropriate. The bottom of the tank is 10-15 cm thick, which is beneficial to fertilizers and water. No water grasses are born, ponds are sunny, and the light is sufficient.
2.1.2 Stocking Density: Stocking density has a great influence on the growth and survival rate of fry. The density of fry is too large, the bait is often insufficient, the activity space (especially when the fish grows in the later period of incubation) is small, the water quality is poor, and the dissolved oxygen is low. The fry grows slowly and the body is weak, resulting in a low survival rate. Therefore, the stocking density must be appropriate. It should be based on the conditions of the fry, water source, fertilizer, food source, and conditions of the fish pond and breeding techniques. The general stocking density is 10- 150,000 tails/mu. If the seedlings grow to 18-20 mm in length, the net density can be increased, and the stocking density can be increased. The survival rate is as high as 20-25 million tails/mu.
2.1.3 The selection of fry, the young and delicate fish at the stage of fry, low feeding capacity, narrow range of food, and the invasion and coping ability of external environmental conditions and predators are low, so it is very important to choose healthy and disease-free fry.
2.1.4 Feeding: When the fish body is too small at the beginning, it mainly eats rotifers, small cladocerans and other plankton in the water body. Therefore, fertilizer ponds should be used, and the fish ponds should be treated with organic fertilizer in order to cultivate food organisms. Soybean milk feeding method, that is, water soaked soybeans, and then ground into a slurry, soy milk spilled into the pool, part of the fish fed, most play a fertilizer effect. Feeding amount is generally 3-4 kilograms of soybeans per acre, and increases to 5-6 kilograms a week. According to the amount of water used to control the amount of 10,000 summer fish, soybeans usually need 7-8 kilograms of soybeans. .
2.1.5 Water injection in stages: During the fry feeding process, inject water into the fish ponds in stages to increase the growth rate and survival rate of the fry. When the fish enters the pond, the depth of the fish pond is 50-70 cm, and then water is added every 3-5 days. , add 3-4 times of water, about 10 centimeters for each injection of water. When water is injected, use dense nets to filter wild fish and pests at the inlet, and avoid water flow directly into the bottom of the pool to stir up the water.
2.1.6 Day-to-day management: The main task is to visit the patrol ponds and observe the pool fish activities and changes in water quality and water quality once in the morning and afternoon. If any problems are found, take timely measures and determine the amount of feeding, remove the poolside weeds in time. Also pay attention to cultivating and regulating water quality. Through reasonable water injection and fertilization measures, pool water is rich in palatability natural foods and sufficient dissolved oxygen.
2.1.7 Fish training and out of the pond: After raising more than ten days in fish ponds, the weight increases by tens to hundreds of times, requiring more space for activities. At the same time, the original pool water conditions and nutritional conditions can not continue to meet the pool fish. The requirements, therefore, need to be diversified into ponds, and the fry cultivated summer fish species need to be exercised before netting, so as to enhance the juvenile constitution and improve the survival rate during the outing and transportation process. Elimination of sick and weak fish, removal of wild fish, elimination of aquatic insects, estimation of the number of fish, ease of production, stirring of sediment, and promotion of fertilizer and water.
2.1.8 Sub-pool: When the fish body reaches the summer flower specification after pulling the net, it should be divided into pools and counted.
2.2 Fish breeding
2.2.1 Pre-stocking preparation: The area of ​​the fingerling ponds is relatively large, usually 4-8 mu, and the water should be deeper, generally 1.5-2 meters. Before the stocking, organic fertilizer should be applied to cultivate. For the calyx base fertilizer, appropriate application should be made to control the worm during the peak period of the wheelworm.
2.2.2 Summer flowering: The stocking time is generally from May to June. There are two types of stocking, namely monoculture and polyculture. Polyculture is generally adopted because the habits of fish gradually show different stages at this stage, and the environmental requirements for the outside world are also different. Depending on the habits of various fishes and their adaptability to water quality, they are mixed and polycultured. This not only gives the fish a suitable growth environment, but also fully utilizes the utilization of water and economical utilization of food. The fish ponds are generally 2-3 polycultures. This experiment will raise a little fish and white mullet.
2.2.3 Feeding and management: At this time, Calyx is mainly based on plankton as the main foodstuff. The pond water requires fertility, plankton biomass is more, the ponds remove the base fertilizer before stocking, and after the summer flowering, green manure and ripe manure are applied. Regularly fill with fresh water to keep the water green and brown. When feeding artificial feeding, pay attention to the "four set" principle, that is, timing, positioning, qualitative, quantitative, in order to improve the utilization of bait, reduce the bait coefficient, the number of feeding less.
2.2.4 Day-to-day management: Inspect the pond once a day and observe the dynamics of water color and fish. Efforts are often made to eliminate grass and weeds in the pool, clean the food table, and perform food table and food disinfection. In order to protect the health of the pond, the net inspection is not only conducive to fertilizer and water, but also facilitates the inspection of the fish's growing fish diseases and other conditions, so as to reasonably establish the amount of bait and the prevention and treatment of fish diseases, and do a good job of preventing and preventing fisheries, fish diseases, and enemy predators.
2.2.5 Tongtang and wintering: At the end of fall and winter, when the temperature of the water drops below 10 degrees, the fish are not feeding. At this time, the fish have to be fished out, and the fish is concentrated and stored in deeper ponds for winter. The idea is to stop investing in the week before the pond. Feeding, picking the net out of the pond on a sunny day, and pulling the nets and operations during the pond must be careful so as to avoid fish injuries and hydromycosis during the winter. The water depth in the storage pool is more than 2 meters, the sun is sunny, and the sludge is less , And after the pond should be in the icing to prevent oxygen deficiency, strict waterproof birds harm.
2.3 Feeding of adult fish
2.3.1 The growth of carp is very fast, and the average first-instar fish can reach 0.5-1 kg.
2.3.2 Pond conditions: Water source and water quality requirements, adequate water sources, convenient transportation, convenient water injection and drainage, good water quality, high dissolved oxygen, no toxic substances, area and water depth, according to the current production level, adult fish production is generally 10 acres. Right and left are more suitable, such as better production conditions, and then some can also be larger, the depth of the pond is generally more suitable for 2-3 meters, the pond shape should be neat and regular, the best is the east-west rectangular, which is easy to feed and management Pulling nets and other operations, when water is injected, it is relatively easy to cause the whole pool to flow, which is beneficial to the rescue of fish floating heads, and other east-west ponds can receive longer sunshine, which can promote the reproduction of plankton and increase the water temperature. In addition, photosynthetic bacteria should be used to cultivate zooplankton before stocking.
2.3.3 Selection of fish species: Fish species are the above-mentioned winter-old first-year fry, which avoids fish damage caused by long-term transport of fish species, resulting in death and increase in survival rate and growth rate. Fish species should be the same age species. The specifications are the same, the body length is almost the same, the back muscles are thick, the color is bright, the scales and fins are intact, the swimming is lively and normal, and the water tracing is strong. After leaving the water, it is not covered in the basin, the tail is not bent, and the beating is not repeated. The body surface is free from scars and parasitic parasites.
2.3.4 Stocking Density Time: The general stocking is 700 tails/mu, the daytime is 100 tails/mu, and a small amount of sturgeon is put in order to make full use of the remaining food, organic debris and natural food organisms. Early stocking is generally conducted in mid-April or early May. At this time, the water temperature is low and the fish activity is weak. The fish is not easy to be injured during fishing and stocking, which can reduce the incidence during the rearing process and improve the survival rate of the species. The shortening of the overdue, early fish species opening, extended the growth period.
2.3.5 Fertilization and Feeding: Fertilization is mainly the reproduction of plankton, epiphytic algae, zoobenthos, etc., to increase the natural feed of oysters, oysters, and oysters, and if it is to obtain high yields, it is necessary to increase the full-price artificial feed after crushing. At this time, the bait-feeding bait-feeding machine is used because the food intake of the fish has increased significantly. When the feed is started, some dry fish and insects can be thrown in first, and then gradually the domesticated feed is fed to the broken artificial diet. Feed medicinal materials, regulate their digestion and enhance their constitution, and pay attention to the principle of “Four Sets†when feeding: timing, positioning, qualitative, quantitative, and the amount of feeding should be flexibly controlled according to the specific conditions of the fish’s eating and eating conditions, weather, and water quality. .
2.3.6 Pond Management: Pipes are an important part of adult fish farming. They should be constantly patrolled in ponds to observe the dynamics of pond fish, remove weeds at any time, keep fresh water and ponds in a sanitary environment, prevent and treat diseases in time, and master pool water injection and drainage. Appropriate amount of water, regular inspection of fish, good pond log, and the other should prevent floating head and pan pool, in this case to step up rescue, take first aid measures, open aerators and so on.
2.3.7 Overwintering of fish: For wintering fish, effective measures should be taken to reduce the mortality rate. The specific method is to intensively feed before winter, increase fat accumulation, increase the fullness of the fish, and select and cultivate cold-hardened varieties. Disinfect the fish to minimize disease and damage fish, select good wintering waters, improve and create a good wintering environment, reasonably arrange wintering densities, strengthen overwintering management, and shorten wintering time.
3. Results After 1 year of cultivation, the fish were salvaged and weighed. The fish size was 2.5 kg/over or more, which met the specifications of the commodity. The fish fed this experiment was of good quality and was healthy and lively. After long-distance transportation, the fish mortality rate was 3. Low, easy to transport, increased survival rate, catered to the Chinese consumer's preference for eating fresh fish, and the easy-to-get economic benefits and social benefits of feeding this fish meet the needs of the people, market demand, and make certain for the vegetable blue project. The contribution of the flower bud as a mid-range fish that is both economical and delicious, in the case of continuous innovation of its breeding technology, it can surely achieve stable production and high yield.
4, summary and discussion
1.1 Through research on the breeding of specific calyx, it is found that the breeding techniques of calyx are generally traditional breeding methods. In the current economic development, it is very important to improve the culture technology, and at the same time to obtain economic benefits, increase appropriately. Some of the cost investment, the use of some new technologies, new methods, so that further increase in fish production.
2.2 The application of photosynthetic bacteria will increase the productivity of zooplankton in the water, and promote the growth and yield of the calyx. The artificially-prepared whole-grain pellet feed makes it possible to increase the yield per unit of large-scale farming, and the touch-type bait-feeder is Calyx eating habits.
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