The survival rate of milk yak is not well controlled, and improper management is very likely to result in a very low survival rate. Milk yak generally points out that small cows are born between 0 and 6 months. Feeding management at this stage is critical.
First, the feeding management of the cow in the late pregnancy
The nutritional supply of the cow in the late pregnancy (ie, the last month of pregnancy), in addition to meeting the needs of the cow itself, must also meet the needs of fetal growth and lactation nutrition. However, the cow's growth in the late pregnancy is accelerated, and the cow's stomach space is squeezed. The feed intake of the cow is reduced due to the limitation of the abdominal volume, which is easy to cause malnutrition.
Therefore, the cow's feed supply requirements in the late pregnancy are sufficient and the nutritional mix is ​​reasonable: the concentrate is changed to pellet feed, and if necessary, bran, vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E, and calcium and phosphorus can be added to the concentrate preparation. , zinc, selenium and other mineral elements. Recommended formula for concentrate: 60% corn, 24% soybean meal, 10% bran, 5% premix, 1% salt. The roughage is mainly silage corn and alfalfa. The ratio of refined and roughage is 3:7.
The cow's diet supply in the late pregnancy should be 2.0% to 2.5% of the cow's weight. At the same time, increase the amount of cow movement to avoid dystocia during production.
Second, the care of the newborn yak
After the newborn yak leaves the mother, the surrounding environment will change greatly: First, the yak relies on the maternal placental blood to supply oxygen in the cow, and emits carbon dioxide, which is breathed by the respiratory system and the blood circulation system after birth; The yak is in a sterile environment in the mother, and will be attacked by various pathogenic microorganisms after birth. Third, the yak lives in the mother's constant temperature environment before birth, and relies on the central nervous system to adjust itself to the external environment after birth. . Therefore, in the production practice, it is necessary to grasp the physiological characteristics of the newborn calves and do their nursing work to ensure that the survival rate of the calves is not affected or improved.
Clean up mucus
If the calf does not breathe or has difficulty breathing after birth, it is usually related to dystocia. The mucus in the mouth, nose and ears of the calf must be removed first, so that the head of the calf is lower than other parts of the body or the calf is raised for a few seconds to allow the mucus to flow out. Then artificially induced the calf to breathe. In addition, the newly born yak is not suitable for the external environment and is prone to catch a cold. Therefore, the mucus attached to the body of the yak should be removed as soon as possible after birth, and the coat should be dried in time.
2. Disinfect the umbilical cord
After removing the mucus from the body of the yak, the umbilical cord tends to tear off naturally. If the umbilical cord has not been pulled off naturally, artificial umbilical cord should be performed. The method is: at a distance of 6 to 12 cm from the abdomen of the yak, cut the umbilical cord with the disinfected scissors, and extrude the mucus in the umbilical cord, and then completely disinfect the umbilical cord with 5% iodine, and avoid injecting the liquid into the umbilical cord. In order to avoid umbilical cord inflammation.
3. Feed colostrum in time
Colostrum is rich in vitamins, immunoglobulins and other nutrients, so colostrum is an essential source of nutrients for newborn calves. After the yak is born, the cow's colostrum is eaten within 30 to 50 minutes, which can ensure the growth and development of the yak and improve the disease resistance. Note that colostrum intake should not exceed 2 hours.
3. Feeding management of yak artificial lactation
1. Disinfection of yak house
Before the yak is transferred from the delivery room to the yak house, the cow house should be thoroughly disinfected. First remove the manure, urine and fodder from the house; rinse the ceiling, walls, doors and windows, floors and other facilities with high-pressure water until the washing liquid is transparent. After the cow house is washed and dried, it is sprayed and disinfected with a disinfectant solution, such as 0.5% to 1.0% bacteria poisonous enemies solution, 0.2% peroxyacetic acid solution, 5% ammonia water, and the like. If the barn has closed conditions, close the doors and windows, use 40% formaldehyde solution (14 ~ 28 ml per cubic meter of space), add 7 ~ 14 grams of potassium permanganate fumigation for 12 ~ 24 hours, then open the window for 24 hours .
2. Temperature and humidity of yak house
After transferring from the delivery room to the yak house, due to the poor temperature regulation ability of the yak, the yak house can be consistent with the temperature of the delivery room in the first week according to the local temperature, and the control is at 13-22 °C. Regularly observe whether the temperature is suitable. If the yak is piled up, the temperature of the yak house is low, and the temperature is adjusted to the uniform dispersion of the yak. The humidity of the yak house can be controlled at 50% to 60%.
3. Weaning
In order to reduce the cost of yak cultivation, weaning is as early as possible. Since the yak began to supplement the pellet concentrate and high-quality green (vegetable) hay on the third day, the digestive function of the calf was improved. When the feed and green (vegetable) hay were able to meet the nutritional needs of the calf. Can be weaned. Depending on the size of the body weight, the calf can be weaned when it consumes 1.5% of the body weight (0.8 to 1.5 kg/day) per day.
4. Artificial breastfeeding
After the yak is born, it is kept separately from the cows. It cannot be breast-fed by cows. At this time, artificial breastfeeding is required. Artificial breastfeeding requires “five fixedâ€, that is, timing, quantification, temperature setting, person setting, and fixed point (location). Feed 3 times a day, 1 time in the morning, at noon and in the evening; feed colostrum according to 20% of the weight of the calf (milk milk within 7 days after the calf is laid) or regular milk (the cow gives birth to the calf from Breast milk after the eighth day). The temperature of colostrum and normal milk should be controlled at 37.5 ~ 38.5 °C.
5. Supplementary feed
In order to adapt the yak to the environment and exercise its digestive function as soon as possible, after the yak is born for 3 to 7 days, it should start to supplement 10 to 15 grams of concentrate and 20 to 50 grams of high quality roughage. A bucket can be placed next to the milk bucket, where the pellet concentrate is placed; or a small amount of high quality grass, such as dry, mold-free, palatable, digestible alfalfa, ryegrass or leymus, can be placed in the calf bar. The cows are free to eat. When the age is 1 to 2 months, 100-120 grams of concentrate is properly supplemented, and the silage and micro-storage corn stover feed is 200-300 grams. It is forbidden to drink ice water.
6. Drinking water
Calves within 1 week of age generally do not need to be supplied separately, and the water content in colostrum can basically meet the needs of calves. After 1 week of age, due to the increasing metabolic capacity of yak, the water in the milk can no longer meet its needs, and it is necessary to replenish water. Check if the automatic water dispenser in the yak house is normal, and ensure that the yak is drinking normally; or place a water basin or bucket next to the yak feeding the yak for the yak to drink freely. The water temperature is kept above 30 °C.
Fourth, yak common disease prevention and control
The common bacterial diseases of yak are tuberculosis, pasteurosis (hemorrhagic septicemia), colibacillosis (yak yin), salmonellosis (yak typhoid fever), Clostridium epidemics (sudden death), Brucellosis, bronchitis, lobular pneumonia, lobar pneumonia, umbilical corditis, etc. Viral diseases mainly include foot-and-mouth disease, infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea and mucosa, malignant catarrhal fever (a disease that has been introduced from cattle in recent years), and Japanese encephalitis. The main parasitic diseases are bovine new tsutsugamushi disease, bovine schistosomiasis, coccidiosis, and cryptosporidiosis.
In order to control and reduce the occurrence of yak disease, it is necessary to improve the biological safety prevention and control system of the cattle farm. Purify the cattle farm environment, strengthen the management of yak breeding, block the invasion of bacteria, viruses and parasites, improve the immune function of yak herds, and finally achieve the purpose of avoiding and preventing clinical or subclinical diseases of yak.
1. Strengthen environmental disinfection
Including the external environment of the calf and the internal environment disinfection. The external environment was sprayed once a week with 2% sodium hydroxide, and the internal environment was disinfected with 2000 times dilution of double quaternary ammonium iodine. Double-quaternary ammonium iodine 3000 times diluted liquid is used for disinfection of cattle house, machinery and feeding equipment; 10,000 to 20,000 times dilution liquid is used for disinfection of cattle farm water storage tower and drinking fountain.
2. Grasp the introduction work
The introduction of cattle farms is a key link to adjust the variety structure, improve the milk production performance of dairy cows, and improve the economic benefits of cattle farms. If the selected cattle farm cannot be effectively purified by specific pathogenic microorganisms at the time of introduction, the introduced breeding cattle may be infected (poisonous) cattle, which may easily lead to the failure of the cattle farm to construct a biosafety system. Before the introduction, the cattle should be tested for Brucella, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The results showed that the negative was introduced.
3. Do a good job in feeding management
Implement the “all in and out†scientific feeding method. Regular and quantitative feeding, the stool is regularly delivered once every 3 to 5 days. It is raised in Yak Island and one yak is raised per island. The yak house is raised, including yak bed, breeding corridor and sports ground. Each yak covers an area of ​​15 m2.
4. Timely immune prevention
In the winter and spring season, the diseases that are seriously harmful to yak are mainly foot-and-mouth disease, coronavirus diarrhea, and Escherichia coli diarrhea.
1 foot immunization immunity
Maternal antibody detection before foot-and-mouth disease immunization. If the maternal antibody is low, the O-type foot-and-mouth disease vaccine is exempted from the first month of age, and is exempted after 30 days. If the maternal antibody reaches the standard, the O-type foot-and-mouth disease vaccine is exempted for 2 months, and the second is exempted after 30 days.
2 coronavirus immunity
The cows were immunized with the coronavirus vaccine 30 days before the birth, and the vaccinated 10 days old vaccination with the coronavirus vaccine was effective in preventing the calf diarrhea in the calf.
3 colibacillosis
The yak acute colibacillosis usually occurs within 24 to 96 hours of birth, and the mortality rate is as high as 80% to 100%. Prevention and control measures: The cows were given a specific serotype E. coli vaccine for 1 month before the birth; the serotype E. coli vaccine was immunized with 5 to 7 days after birth.
If E. coli has already occurred, the diseased calf can be administered orally with 5.0 to 7.5 mg/kg gentamicin or intramuscularly with 2.2 mg/kg, 2 to 3 times a day for 3 consecutive days. It is also possible to take 200 mg/kg sulfadimethoxine by weight for the first time, and then take 100 mg/kg according to the body weight once a day for 3 days. The treatment effect is obvious.
Source: "Scientific Breeding"
Author: Baixian Xiao Lin Ping Chen Zhi Zhi Fang Zhao Jun
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