The rabbit house is an important material basis for raising rabbits. The development of meat rabbit industry should first be based on rabbit farm construction standards, the habits of meat rabbits, combined with the purpose of breeding and regional characteristics, select the appropriate site and build a rabbit house that is conducive to rabbits and is conducive to disease prevention to ensure continuous production of meat rabbits throughout the year. .
The first quarter of rabbit house construction
Meat rabbit rabbit farms have certain premises facilities. To operate and manage a rabbit breeding farm, attention should be paid to the construction scale, site selection, planning and layout, the building requirements of the rabbit house, and the provision of certain equipment. The breakdown is as follows:
I. Construction scale
1. The construction requirements for the meat rabbit farm should be comprehensively determined according to the resources of the construction area, the demand of the construction area and surrounding areas and the social and economic development status, as well as the technology, economy, and management level.
2. The construction scale requires that the construction scale of the rabbit farm be expressed in terms of the number of rabbits released on the annual basis or the number of females on the population basis. The construction scale is divided according to Table 1.
Table 1 Rabbit farm construction scale
Small
Medium
Large scale
Year of the slaughter meat rabbit (only)
≤5000
5000～20000
≥20000
Base stock female rabbit (only)
≤200
200～800
≥800
Second, site selection and construction conditions
The feeding site for meat rabbits should generally meet the following conditions:
1. Topography, landform and area should be selected in places with high dryness, flatness, proper slope, and good drainage, and should not be used as a rabbit farm if it is sunny, has a large area, a low groundwater level, low-lying, poor drainage, and a shaded area. The humidity of such a site is large, bacteria and parasites multiply rapidly, and there are many rabbit diseases. If the land is built with fertilizers, it is necessary to build a rabbit house next to the paddy field. The foundation must be filled and the drainage ditch must be opened to keep the ground dry.
A basic female rabbit and its puppies are calculated according to a building area of ​​1.5m2 to 2.0m2. A basic female rabbit is planned to occupy an area of ​​8m2 to 10m2.
2. Water source An ideal rabbit farm must have sufficient water and good water quality. The best source of water is spring water, creek water, or tap water in the city, followed by flowing water flowing in rivers, and most often pond water. Water quality should meet the requirements of GB5749 for easy protection and access.
3. The best soil for rabbit farms is sandy loam. This kind of soil has strong water permeability, can keep dry, has small thermal conductivity, and has good insulation performance, which can provide good living conditions for rabbits. The soil has large particles, high strength, high pressure, strong water permeability, poor saturation, and does not expand when it freezes. It can meet the requirements of buildings; this kind of soil is harmonized with the contradiction between air and water and is also a plant. Good soil for growth is beneficial to the growth of forage crops, while loess and clay are not suitable for rabbit farm sites.
4. Social communication is more convenient, but it should be a certain distance from roads, railways and villages. It should be far away from the slaughterhouses, livestock markets, livestock processing plants, livestock and other frequent roads, ports or stations. In regions where traffic is frequent, carrying more pathogenic bacteria can easily lead to the spread of diseases and cause noise.
The site of the rabbit farm and the residential area cannot be mixed together, and there should be a certain interval of hygiene between the rabbit farm and the residential area. This will greatly benefit the residents' environmental hygiene and the health and epidemic prevention work of the rabbits. There should also be a 50-metre sanitary interval between the rabbit houses. There must be disinfection equipment inside and outside to prevent pollution.
In addition, there must be a certain area of ​​cultivated land around the rabbit farm for planting feed. To handle the orientation of the rabbit houses, according to China's geographical location and long-term experience, the south-facing rabbit house is suitable in all areas of the country. In the winter, more sunshine is available, and in the summer, excessive solar radiation is avoided. Good for natural ventilation. However, they can be deflected within 15 degrees to the east or west according to local conditions; the rabbit houses are arranged in parallel; the rabbit house spacing is not less than 1.5 to 2 times the height of the rabbit house.
Third, planning and layout
1. The basic principles of planning are compact, taking into account the future technological advancement and the ability to retrofit.
2. The rabbit farm construction facilities in the rabbit farm must be clearly divided into three production areas, management areas and isolation areas. The boundaries between the areas are obvious and the contact is convenient. The management area occupies the upper hand and the higher ground area, followed by the production area, and the isolation area is built in the downwind and low-lying areas.
The production area includes various types of rabbit houses and related production support facilities; the management area includes the staff's living facilities, office facilities and production support facilities (feed rooms, garages, and epidemic prevention and disinfection facilities, etc.); the quarantine area includes veterinary rooms and dead rabbits. Treatment rooms and urine disposal facilities.
The spacing between each functional area is greater than 50m and separated by a vaccination barrier or wall.
3. The road setting type rabbit farm needs to be connected to the outside world by dedicated roads. The main road in the venue is 5.5m to 6.0m, and the trunk road is 2m to 3m. The roads in the stadium are divided into clean roads and sewers. The clean road cannot be used or intersected with the sewers. There must be separate roads in the quarantine area. The road should be solid and well drained.
IV. Rabbit House Construction
1. Rabbit House Construction Requirements
(1) According to the conditions to achieve local conditions, local materials, economic durability, scientific and practical.
(2) The design of the rabbit house must conform to the living habits of the rabbits, which is conducive to the growth and development of the rabbit population and the improvement of the quality of the rabbit meat. It is beneficial to the accumulation of fertilizers and is conducive to the prevention of the spread of disease, and is easy to manage and clean.
(3) When selecting materials, it should be sturdy and durable to prevent the destruction of meat rabbits, and there should be measures to prevent meat rabbits from escaping through holes in the building.
(4) Because rabbits are afraid of heat, fear of wetness, fear of dirt, and fear of beasts, rabbit house construction should be protected against rain, moisture, wind, cold, heat and animals (dogs, cats, rats, etc.) . The rabbit house is required to be dry, air circulation, sufficient light, easy winter insulation, and good ventilation in summer.
Practice has proved that the growth and development of meat rabbits are closely related to the environmental conditions in the rabbit house. Different environmental conditions in the rabbit have different effects on meat rabbits. Therefore, when building a rabbit house, it is necessary to pay attention to the regulation of the microclimate in the house, and strive to create suitable environmental conditions for the meat rabbit, which is beneficial to the health of the rabbit.
1 Temperature: If the temperature is too high or too low, the productivity of the rabbit may be reduced, even affecting the health and life of the rabbit. The suitable temperature for adult rabbits is 15 to 25°C (the most suitable temperature is 14 to 16°C), the optimum temperature for the delivery room is 15 to 18°C, the temperature of the production box is 25°C, and the suitable temperature for close to the rabbit is 30 to 32 °C. It is better to keep the temperature within the above-mentioned range within the above-mentioned range, but avoid sudden changes in temperature.
2 Humidity: The relative humidity is 60 to 65%.
3 Illumination: It is reported that in the rabbit house for 16 hours of light each day, the female rabbit obtains the best reproductive performance, and it reproduces regularly throughout the year. Male rabbits seem to prefer shorter light hours, but light hours of 16 hours per day do not reduce production performance, and rabbits are usually raised for 8 hours a day.
4 ventilation: divided into two kinds of natural ventilation and power ventilation. When the natural energy is windy, in order to make the air in each part of the house unimpeded, the rabbit house should not be too wide, 8 to 12 meters, and the roof slope should not be less than 25% or 30%. Power ventilation is suitable for large-scale intensive rabbit houses, and is divided into negative pressure ventilation and positive pressure ventilation. Negative pressure ventilation means that the air in the rabbithouse is drawn out. The exhaust can also be located 50 to 100 centimeters from the ground below the side wall. The intake air can also be on the other side of the wall. Positive pressure ventilation is the use of a blower to blow air into a rabbit house blower that can be placed in the upper part of the wall, and exhaust is also placed in the lower part of the other side wall. When the air convection, the air should be distributed evenly, because the rabbit is very sensitive to the flow of air, so the air blowing to the rabbit, the speed should not exceed 50 cm / sec (20 cm / sec in winter).
5 Harmful gases: The most common harmful gases that are most harmful to rabbits are hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. In the rabbit house, the higher the content of ammonia from the ground, the 50 mg/kg of ammonia can slow down the respiratory rate of rabbits, and high concentrations of ammonia can cause poisoning in rabbits, so the corresponding ammonia content in the air in a rabbit house should not be More than 0.01 milligrams. The higher the concentration of hydrogen sulfide off the ground. Under the long-term effect of low concentration of hydrogen sulfide, the rabbit's physique becomes weaker, its resistance to disease decreases, and gastroenteritis and cardiac dysfunction are prone to occur. When the concentration is high, it suffocates due to respiratory center paralysis. Therefore, the hydrogen sulfide content of the rabbit house should not exceed 0.015 milligrams.
6 Dust: From a hygienic point of view, the dust content in the rabbit house air is generally 103 to 106 grains/m3.
(5) The form, structure, area and internal arrangement of the rabbit house must meet the requirements of different types of meat rabbits for feeding and management techniques and health requirements for epidemic prevention.
(6) The rabbit house wall must ensure the temperature, humidity and light in the rabbit house. It is durable, fire resistant, smooth surface, easy to remove dirt, easy to sterilize, and low in cost.
(7) The floor of the rabbit house is dense, solid, smooth, and free of cracks. It can prevent moisture and keep warm. The rabbit house should have a certain slope, and it should be 20-25 centimeters higher than the outer ground to prevent rain and surface water from flowing into the rabbit house. Not hard and slippery, there is a certain degree of flexibility.
(8) Rabbit roofs are required to be safe and impervious to water, and have a certain gradient (except for flat tops and round arches) generally 18 to 30. For more permeable (such as straw) generally 40 to 60, good drainage, fire resistance, The structure is simple, light, durable and low in cost. (9) Doors and windows of rabbit houses. The window of the rabbit house is mainly used for lighting and ventilation. It is generally required that the window of the rabbit house occupy 15% of the ground, and the angle of incidence should not be less than 25-30. The door of the rabbit house should be strong and able to keep warm, which is conducive to the access of meat rabbits and facilitate the transportation of feed vehicles and excrement. The doors and windows of the rabbit house should be equipped with anti-vegetation equipment.
(10) The rabbit house should have a good drainage system, which is necessary to ensure that the rabbit house is clean, dry, and collect fertilizer.
(11) Building materials for rabbit houses are required to have low thermal conductivity, good air permeability and porosity, no moisture absorption, good sturdiness, and fire resistance.
(12) In order to be suitable for disinfection and epidemic prevention, the area of ​​the same rabbit house should not exceed 1,000 rabbits, and the minimum unit should be 200 to 300 as a community.
2. The architectural form of the rabbit house in the form of a rabbit house depends on how the rabbit is raised. Different breeding methods have their corresponding rabbit house architectural forms. At present, the types of rabbit houses built in various places are generally closed, semi-open, open, and shed. In order to create environmental conditions conducive to the health and production of rabbits, some advanced countries have widely adopted assembled and environmentally-controlled rabbit houses. The assembled walls and doors are active, and they can be partially or completely disassembled when hot and become semi-open. Open or shed rabbit houses are installed in winter and are closed and closed enclosures. The environment-controlled rabbit house is a closed-type rabbit house that completely regulates the microclimate manually. A windowless rabbit house is one type. There are no windows in the rabbit house, and the temperature, air flow, and light in the house are all manually controlled within a suitable range.
Common meat rabbit house forms are as follows.
(1) Feeding rabbit houses: This type of rabbit house can be used in an empty old house or it can be specially built. In the rabbit house, 80 to 90 cm high bamboo strips, bamboo strips or barbed wire are used to separate the partitions. The area of ​​the fences depends on the number of rabbits. One end of the fence leads to the outside, and the same bamboo, bamboo or barbed wire is used to separate the playground from the ground. The food trough, straw rack and drinking fountain are placed in the field. The floor of the room shall be covered with a faecal board or brick to keep the rabbits clean and disease-free. Each young animal may raise 30 young rabbits and 20 young rabbits.
The advantages of this type of rabbit house are: a large amount of feeding, saving labor and materials, easy management, easy cleaning, and the rabbit can absorb fresh air and get enough exercise. The disadvantage is that the utilization rate of the rabbit house is not high, which is not conducive to the control of quantitative feeding, and it is inconvenient to control the spread of the disease.
(2) Caged rabbit houses: Because there are two indoor and outdoor feeding methods, there are also outdoor cage raising rabbit houses and indoor cage raising rabbit houses. These two kinds of rabbit house construction have their own characteristics. 1 Outdoor caged rabbit house (outdoor rabbit farm): The rabbit house with outdoor caged rabbit houses is connected with a rabbit cage, which is both a rabbit house and a rabbit cage, and is different from a common rabbit cage. It is necessary to meet the basic requirements of the building of a rabbit house. Also meet the rabbit cage design requirements. In order to adapt to the conditions of the open air, the base should be high, and the top of the cage should be made of tiles. The former should be long and the latter should be short. The cage wall should be strong. If the fixed rabbit cage can be bricked, coated with cement. If you can set up a dung rack under the cage, or raise the cage layer by 10 cm, put a scaffold on the bottom of the cage. The composition of outdoor caged rabbit houses generally consists of six parts: fences, rabbit cages, storage tanks, passages, feed rooms, and management rooms. The outdoor enclosure is surrounded by walls and walls of 2.5 meters high. It is mainly used for preventing animals, burglars, and windshields. The number of rabbit cages to be built depends on the size of the rabbit farm. The size and style of the rabbit cage can refer to the contents of the rabbit cage. In contrast, the sheds in the rabbit house should be conducive to manure accumulation and prevent rainwater from flowing into the septic tank and flushing away the excreta. The main channel of the rabbit house is about 1m, and the inter-cabinet channel is the standard for accessing the trolley. It is about 1.3 to 1.5. About meters, in order to facilitate feeding and excrement; rabbit house feed and management rooms should be based on rabbit farms and needs. 2 Indoor cage raising rabbit house: There are many types of indoor cage rabbit house, each with its own characteristics. Due to the low outside temperature in the north, the rabbit house should be shorter in order to keep warm, with double slopes, arches and inequalities as well. Building materials are suitable for civil engineering. The thickness of brick walls and earth walls should be relatively large, and the thickness of roofs should be relatively thick. The interior of the building should be made of triads (lime, gravel, and clay in a ratio of 1:2:4) and should be dry.
The arrangement of the indoor rabbit cages should be arranged in a row along the room, so that the rabbit cages can be ventilated and transparent.
The architectural form of indoor cage-raising rabbit houses differs depending on the purpose of breeding, the level of science and technology, and the natural environment and socio-economic conditions. The form of indoor rabbit-raised rabbit houses is also varied. The selected rabbit houses are for reference.
Open-style rabbit house: There is no wall in the rabbit house, and the house column can be made of wood and cement. The roof can be built with double slopes. Rabbit cages are installed on both sides of the house with a walkway in the middle. This rabbit house is well ventilated with plenty of light and is suitable for high temperatures.
Half-open rabbit house: The microclimate in this rabbit house depends on the natural adjustment of doors and windows. There are walls around the rabbit house, rabbit cages are placed on both sides of the wall, so the rabbit cage wall is the back of the rabbit cage. The shroud board is also placed on the wall of the rabbit house and protrudes through the wall by 13 cm. Open the air window 10 cm near the roof; open a small 2020 cm window on the back wall of each rabbit cage for air and light, and open a small hole on the wall of the loader board for excrement use. There is a 130-centimeter walkway in the middle of the rabbit house. The ground is made of cement or triads. The roof can be made of bricks. The roof is also covered with tiles to form a heat-insulating house, with a certain inclination from left to right for drainage. . Practice has proved that this kind of rabbit house is convenient for feeding and management. It has good ventilation and light transmission and is conducive to mechanical operation. However, serious attention must be paid to the prevention of rat damage. The number of layers in rabbit cages is generally preferred in a double-layer setting.
Closed rabbit house: This rabbit house is closed around. The microclimate in the house is automatically regulated by a special device that automatically ventilates. When the pressure difference between the interior and exterior of the rabbit house reaches a certain level, the fan of the automatic ventilation device is opened, the air is purified through the filter, and then enters the room from above, and then is excluded from the following piping. In addition, it can automatically adjust the temperature and light, can automatically feed, drinking water, cleaning manure. This kind of rabbit house enables the rabbit to obtain a high and stable weight gain rate and digestibility of the feed, and at the same time helps to prevent the spread of various diseases. But we must pay attention to the needs of rabbits, strictly control the temperature, humidity, light and ventilation
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