Self-imposed, you must know the Nobel Prize hot spot!
As the saying goes, a white cover three ugly, a fat ruin all. In this age of looking at the face, people are getting fat to lose weight to maintain health and color, and the cells are the same!
Autophagy is a very important "weight loss" mechanism in cells. Under metabolic stress conditions such as starvation and energy deficiency, cells will acquire new energy sources and material requirements through autophagy to maintain the basic life activities of the cells . At the same time, autophagy is also involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases . Numerous studies have shown that autophagy dysfunction is inextricably linked to the development of aging, tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, metabolic diabetes and autoimmune diseases. Thus, it reveals the mechanism of action of autophagy in different diseases and finds that drugs targeting autophagy dysfunction are becoming a hotspot in drug development. It is also because of the importance of autophagy , autophagy became the hottest vocabulary of the 2014 national natural prize, and it is also predicted to be the "Nobel Prize" level hot spot!
An agency has compiled a 12-year autopsy study from 2004 to 2015 and found that both the quantity and the total amount of funding are increasing year by year. In 2015, the number of grants from the Ministry of Medicine was 241 , with a total funding of 114.61 million yuan and an average funding of 467,000 yuan. The number of other departments subsidized was 66 , with a total funding of 39.38 million yuan and an average funding of 597,000 yuan. This rocket-type growth rate has a tendency to catch up with Shanghai's housing prices! Then, by 2016, what breakthrough research methods and results are there in the autophagy research?
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1 basic introduction of autophagy
Autophagy is a process of phagocytizing its own cytoplasmic proteins or organelles and coating them into vesicles, and fuses with lysosomes to form autophagosomes, which degrade the contents of their encapsulation. Autophagy is a process inherent in cells that degrades non-essential or misfolded cellular components. The word autophagy comes from Greek, auto=self, phagy=phagein=to eat, eats itself~ during autophagy, waiting The degraded component forms a bilayer membrane structure of autophagosomes, which is degraded and reused by fusion with lysosomes. In the process of disease, autophagy is generally considered to be a response of cells to external environmental stress, which in some cases promotes cell survival, but in other cases promotes cell death. Existing autophagy studies have shown that the AMPK-mTOR pathway plays an important role in autophagy, and autophagy is completed by a series of autophagy associated gene (ATG) family proteins.
2 The relationship between autophagy and tumor:
Autophagy and tumor are the top priority of research, and it is a "double-edged sword" for tumors. On the one hand, autophagy promotes cancer by promoting cell survival and degradation of pro-apoptotic factors in the absence of nutrient oxygen or chemotherapy drugs. On the other hand, autophagy also controls cell proliferation, inhibits angiogenesis, and thus inhibits tumors. Growing. The picture below is a simple inductive picture.
In recent years, autophagy cancer research has become increasingly hot. In 2016, a study by Cell Reports (IF = 7.87) showed that autophagy is a necessary condition for highly metastatic tumor cell metastasis and invasion.
During tumor metastasis, focal adhesions form in front of the tumor cell's path of travel, and when the cells pass, the focal adhesions drift back to the cells. During the disassembly process of the adhesive class, the contents are decomposed by the autophagic pathway, and the posterior edge of the cell is allowed to escape from the extracellular matrix, and is pulled forward by the traction of the front end. This article identifies the key role of autophagy in the breakdown and disassembly of focal adhesion proteins and its need to escape from primary tumors, suggesting a new direction for the treatment of tumors in the clinic, that is, inhibition of autophagy may be the prevention of metastatic cancer. A method of diffusion .
While most scientists are constantly exploring the consequences of autophagy, other scientists have taken a different approach, shifting their eyes from the results of autophagy to the level of autophagy. Recently, Japanese scientists have announced that they have successfully identified the mechanism by which autophagy is initiated. Through the study of yeast, it was found that the Atg13 protein that promotes the autophagy process is linked to the other four proteins through a network structure to form a huge autophagy initiation device. This device creates a double membrane structure that absorbs only decomposing substances. This research is important for the prevention and treatment of cancer and neurological diseases caused by autophagy. The article was published on the Developmental Cell (IF=9.338) on July 11, 2016.
3 The role of autophagy in meiosis
In addition to playing a positive and negative role in tumor diseases, autophagy plays an important role in many other cellular processes such as energy metabolism, osteoarthritis, and infection. For example, an article published in Autophagy (IF=9.108) in 2016 describes autophagy as an important regulatory mechanism involved in the process of sperm differentiation and maturation. The loss of autophagy leads to the attenuation of sperm motility, the destruction of sperm morphology, especially the tail structure, and the appearance of severe deformity sperm disease, which affects reproduction.
The Li Wei group of the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences found that autophagy in sperm cells was delayed, and the assembly of a series of key structures during sperm differentiation was destroyed, resulting in a large number of cytoplasms that should have been removed in the sperm head. Morphological malformations and dyskinesias. This study further demonstrates that the autophagy process promotes the normal assembly of the cytoskeleton through the specific degradation of the cytoskeletal regulatory protein PDLIM1, ensuring the normal progression of sperm differentiation. This study reveals the important functions of autophagy in sperm development, and further studies on the mechanism of sperm morphogenesis.
In summary, whether it is to study the initiation, flow or consequences of autophagy, our ultimate goal is to explore the role of autophagy in cell abnormalities, and to find new ideas for disease treatment, and to apply it in clinical practice . Autophagy is in line with apoptosis. The apoptosis has already won the Nobel Prize in Physiology since 2002. Will the spring of autophagy be far behind? In this field, as long as you seize the opportunity, perhaps the next Nobel Prize winner is you!
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