Titanium ( Ti ) metal is widely used in a variety of human prosthetics, such as artificial hip joints (Fig. 1 ), knees, implants, and medical clips and screws. Artificial joints are actually made of different titanium alloys, often with a small amount of aluminum and vanadium mixed. These alloys are known as "medical" titanium alloys. There are several reasons for using titanium in this medical field. First, because titanium does not corrode the receptor fluid, it is considered to be the most biocompatible metal and one of the few metals that can be integrated into the bone (osteogenesis). In addition, medical titanium alloys are non-toxic, non-magnetic, and have similar flexibility and flexibility to bone.
However, due to the high-intensity work of the ball and socket joints of the human hip, titanium will slowly wear out and enter the bloodstream as time passes. Although titanium itself is non-toxic, the level of titanium in the blood can help health care providers understand the extent of implant degradation. Therefore, it is important to monitor the amount of titanium in the serum or hip extract of patients implanted with artificial hip joints. However, due to various factors (including low concentrations, numerous potential spectral interferences, and complex human body fluids), it is difficult to accurately measure the amount of titanium in serum. This study will explore how to analyze the amount of titanium in serum and find instrumental parameters and methods that can help overcome this difficulty. This experiment is for research use only and is not intended for diagnostic evaluation.
The Certified Reference Material ( CRM ) used in this study was serum containing normal levels of trace elements ( UTAK® Laboratories Inc., Valencia, California, USA ). This certified reference material is not certified for titanium but as a serum matrix in the experiment. In addition, patient samples (serum and hip extract) were obtained from University Hospital Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - Fernand-Widal, Paris, France . In all analyses, serum and extracts were diluted 20- fold with 0.2% HNO3 ( Optima Grade, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA ) . Dilute nitric acid keeps titanium stable in solution, while maintaining a low concentration helps prevent protein and cell debris from precipitating. The total titanium was analyzed using the standard addition method ( MSA ), in which the matrix of the calibration curve was serum diluted 20 times.
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