First, the cause of the increase in sunflower empty grains 1. Drought. It is well known that sunflower is a drought and salt-tolerant crop, but this does not mean that sunflower does not require water or only a small amount of water for its growth and development. On the contrary, sunflower is a crop that requires more water, and it is measured that every sunflower produces. 1 kg of dry matter requires 469-569 kg of water. Before the emergence of sunflower to budding, it is the stage with the strongest drought-resistance ability. However, from the bud to the end of flowering, the sunflower needs the largest amount of water, which accounts for about 60% of the water requirement for the whole growing period. If there is water shortage during this period, Will cause poor pollination or abortion after pollination, resulting in increased empty grains, production decline. 2, neglect management. Most of the planting of sunflower in our city is to fill crops or grow crops next door. Farmers only plant and harvest, but there are no other basic agricultural operations such as watering, fertilization, pest control, etc., which results in lack of water and lack of fertilizer during the sunflower reproductive period, especially during the key growth period. , Growth and development are hindered, empty pods increase, and production declines. 3, lack of media. The position of the stamens and stamens of sunflower florets is different, the stamens mature first, and the pistil matures. It has no affinity and is self-yarning. Sunflowers are cross-pollination crops that rely on insects for pollination. If there is a lack of media, it will affect pollination and fruition, resulting in an increase in empty grains. In recent years, due to the heavy use of chemical pesticides, the reduction in the number of insects in the media has also contributed to the low rate of sunflower pollination and the increase in empty grains. 4. Variety factors. According to foreign studies, the sunflower seed setting rate is negatively related to the thickness of the stalk and the diameter of the flower disk. That is to say, the thicker the stem, the larger the disk and the more empty pods. The planting density of summer sunflower in some farmers in our city is too low and the stems are large, which is also the reason for the increase of empty grains. Second, improve the rate of sunflower seeding measures 1, timely watering. During the period from flowering to flowering, the sunflower needs a large amount of water. If there is no large rainfall during this period, it should be watered to facilitate flower development, seed formation, and improvement of kernels. Oil content. 2, scientific fertilization. Sunflower is a crop that requires more fertilizer. According to tests, it is generally required to have more phosphorus during the emergence from flowering to flower disk formation, more nitrogen is needed from flower disk formation to the end of flowering, and more potassium is absorbed from flower disk formation to wax ripening. Therefore, sunflower fertilization should pay attention to the application of total fertilizer, the main pre-P fertilizer, in the middle and late to nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. In addition, spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate on buds and flowering stages can also effectively reduce the production of empty pods and increase the yield. 3. Artificially assisted pollination. Artificial pollination should be conducted for 2-3 days after the flowering stage (70% of the entire plot is planted) for the first pollination, and once every 3-4 days for a total of 2-3 pollinations. Pollination is carried out from 8 am to 11 am or after 3 pm. It is too early, the dew does not dry, the humidity is high, pollen is easy to form into a group, pollination effect is affected, the temperature is too high at noon, pollen life is low. Pollination should be pulverized or contacted with the flower disk, but I suggest that the best puff effect would be better. 4. Develop apiculture industry and use honeybees to pollinate. This is also an economic and effective measure to increase the sunflower seed settling rate. According to foreign reports, 1-2 boxes of bees per hectare are not only 200-300 kg more than natural pollination, but also improved seed quality and improved oil content. At the same time, 22.5-45 kg of honey can be collected per hectare. It can be said that both increase production and increase income. 5, do a good job of good seed selection, crop rotation, reasonable dense planting, pest control and other routine management. Chinese Agricultural Editor
Natural Colorants
Introduction and application of natural colorants
Natural colorants are a kind of magical color source originating from nature. They are carefully extracted from natural substances such as plants, animals and microorganisms, adding colorful light to our lives. These natural colorants can not only be used for coloring in food, drugs, cosmetics, textiles and other fields, but also win more and more people's love and recognition for their non-toxic, harmless and easy to degrade characteristics.
Compared with synthetic colorants, natural colorants show unique advantages. They come from nature, are more harmonious with the environment, do not pose a potential threat to human health, so that people can enjoy the beauty at the same time, but also have peace of mind. Moreover, natural colorants also have rich color changes and unique textures, which can give the product a more natural and vivid appearance.
In the field of food, the application of natural colorants can be described as colorful. Candies, beverages, pastries, ice cream, and other foods can use natural colorants to bring out attractive colors. They not only make food look more palatable, but also increase consumers' appetite and desire to buy.
In the pharmaceutical sector, natural colorants also play an important role. Drugs such as capsules, tablets and oral liquids become more noticeable through the embellishment of natural colorants, which can also improve patient acceptance of drugs.
In the field of cosmetics, natural colorants are even more attractive to women. Lipstick, eyeshadow, nail polish and other cosmetics in the natural color of the dress up, show the charming charm, so that women are more confident and beautiful.
In the field of textiles, natural colorants dye cellulose fibers such as cotton, hemp and silk and protein fibers such as wool and silk. These natural colorants make textiles more textured and personalized, satisfying people's pursuit of fashion and beauty.
In short, natural colorants have become an indispensable part of various fields with their unique charm and wide application. With the increasing awareness of health and environmental protection, it is believed that the future of natural colorants will be more brilliant.
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