(I) Main stock types
Du Pear, also known as pear, pear, strong growth, deep roots, strong adaptability, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, salt and alkali resistance, is the main stock of pear in northern China.
The brown pear, also known as æ£ Du Pear, has a strong root system. After planting, the vigor of the tree grows vigorously and the yield is high. However, the result is late and it is widely used in the mountainous regions of North China and Northeast China.
Soybean pear, also known as yam pear, Mingdu pear, has a deeper profile and is resistant to rot, and its ability to resist cold is less than that of Du Pear. It is resistant to drought and turfgrass, and has strong affinity with sand pears and pears.
Akiko is also known as Yamanashi. Strong cold resistance, strong resistance to rot disease, black spot disease, high yield, long life, China's northeast Ningxia, Heilongjiang and North China cold and dry areas, often used as pear rootstock.
Sand pears have strong anti-mite ability, strong root system, strong growth, cold resistance, poor drought resistance, and a certain resistance to rot disease, and are commonly used as rootstocks in warm, wet and rainy regions of southern China.
(II) Collection and Treatment of Rootstock Seeds
Rootstock seeds must be fully mature. When the seed coat is brown, it can be harvested. The collection time is from late September to early October. The seed collection is too early and the germination rate is very low. To prevent “green picking†is to improve the quality of rootstock seeds. One of the key measures is to remove debris in time after collection, and pile it upside down. After the flesh has become soft, rinse it with clean water, wash out the seeds, dry them, and store them for use.
(III) Management of Seeding and Rootstock Seedlings
Seed sand treatment Pear tree rootstock seeds must be treated at a low temperature of about five degrees, and they will germinate in the spring of the second year. The production will use trench digging method for 60 to 70 days. If the seeds of the sand treatment germinate prematurely, If the seeds are germinated too late, and the seeds are too late to be sown, the germination treatment should be carried out in advance.
Soil nursery nursery should pay attention to crop rotation, generally cannot be re-planted within three years, otherwise the growth of seedlings is poor, the survival rate after grafting is low, the nursery is best to fall, depth 20 to 30 centimeters, combined with ploughing into the base fertilizer, spring After thawing, sowing seeds.
The sowing time is generally from late March to early April. In addition to the general method of seed sowing, the method of “sealing earthworms sowing†can also be used. It is easy to use, can resist drought and protect soil, prevent soil from forming due to rainfall, and reduce the sowing of nature. Disasters, specific practices: fill the bottom water in the spring, make soil for the earthworms, then use the rake or opener to open the ditch, and sow in wide and narrow rows, width 60-70 centimeters, narrow row 30-40 centimeters, 2 to 4 lines each. Ditch deep four to five centimeters, after the ditch, with a thick wooden stick to flatten the ditch bottom, and the dirt block turned out in the trench broken, if the soil moisture is not good, you can put the pot watering and then broadcast. When seeding, seeds can be sown in two separate ways, so that the seed can be evenly distributed in the ditch. Generally, the seeding rate is one to two kilograms per mu, the seed germination rate can be appropriately increased and the seeding rate can be increased. About two centimeters of cover soil, the excess of soil blocks, debris out of the rake, after the cover soil sprinkled a small amount of wheat straw above the sown ditch, marked with hay. Scrape the loose soil inside the rake into a trench about 10 to 15 centimeters high, so that after about 7 days of sowing, the soil can be levelled to expose the ground, which will be marked as the degree of temperature increase in the spring. After the sowing, we must promptly check and find that when individual shoots are close to the ground, we must quickly remove the earthworms. Generally, we can open the earthworms for two to three days before emergence.
(IV) Management of Grafting and Grafting Seedlings
Grafting pear rootstock grafting I use "D" shaped buds, thicker seedlings, can be abdominal or cut.
After transplanting grafted pear seedlings, due to the high density in the planting nursery, the growth is often inconsistent. It is better to divide the grafted seedlings into plants before the second spring to expand the nutrient area of ​​the seedlings. The root system also solves the problem of excessive root length of the rootstock. After the planting, the seedlings that have been picked up are planted, managed, and bred to live and uneaten. Row spacing planting, 6000-8000 per acre, will survive after planting an anvil, with the germination of long buds, timely removal of yahao buds and roots, and inserted the pillars, but also in the rapid growth of seedlings from May to June Earlier topdressing twice, applying urea five to ten kilograms per mu.
Missing and unconnected plants can be planted at a distance of 10-15*50 cm. Each planted tree can be planted with 8000-12,000 plants per acre. These rootstocks can be grafted in a timely manner with the xylem bud grafting method. They can still be planted in the same year. The rootstocks of rootstocks with broken roots are generally strong. In loose soil, the root length of the seedlings of the pyrivali can reach 1.7 meters or more, and the main roots of the semi-plantlets can reach about 60 cm. Because the main roots are well developed and there are few lateral roots, it is difficult to raise the seedlings and it is easy to injure the roots. It is difficult to maintain the integrity of the root system. After the planting, the seedlings grow slowly and become weak, and the survival rate is low. The use of root-cutting measures for untransplanted pear seedlings may promote the development of new seedling roots. Lateral root cuttings should be performed after the buds have survived. It is most appropriate from August to September. The root-cutting tools generally use a root-cutting scoop, the shovel is forty centimeters long, the width is ten centimeters, and the width is 7.5 centimeters. The sharp knife is played at the lower end, and the upper end is connected to the wood handle with a sleeve length of twelve centimeters, and is connected on the left side of the shoveling surface. Embedded ten centimeters long pedal board. After the root is cut off, the shovel is located at a distance of twenty-five centimeters from the nursery stock and is inserted at an angle of 45 degrees. After the force is inserted, the main root can be cut off, and the root can be watered and cultivated in time.
Pears picked up most of the pear tree varieties into the low branching force, in the past using tender shoots topping, often only send a sub shoot to continue to grow without branching. In order to increase the secondary shoots and expand the leaf area, when the seedling height is about 120 cm, the woody or lignified parts are cut at 90-95 cm, and the blades of the first and second buds under the cuts are cut off. Pear and snow pear seedlings grow fastest in the period from early May to mid-June, and gradually decline after the end of June. Therefore, picking the heart should be done sooner rather than later. Generally, picking the leaves in early June is the most appropriate.
Fertilizer management After the spring anvil is cut, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water in a timely manner. The height of seedlings is about thirty or combined with watering, and the application of urea from five to ten kilograms per mu. After topping, after mid-July, late, mid-September and mid-October, top dressings should be applied. When the leaves are yellow or red, 300 times the urea, the leaves turn dark green and 300 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed. To promote the growth of seedlings and nutritional accumulation.
(e) To cultivate seedlings
Root seedlings propagation is generally a measure taken when rootstock seeds are lacking or a small amount of pear seedlings are cultivated. Usually, the root seedlings of the pear or wild pear area are picked up after transplanting or before germination, and transplanted to a nursery for cultivation and cultivation. Grafting use.
The cortex and xylem of the wild root seedlings are relatively hard, and the buds are not easily survived, and they are flattened after returning to the nursery. For easy handling and planting, the rooted seedlings can be cut at 15 cm in the main stem and then planted according to the thickness and strength. The masses are called “pear rootsâ€.
There are two methods for the use of root seedlings: First, after transplanting, branches are planted in spring or with xylem buds. If the management is strengthened, then the seedlings can be planted in the nursery. Secondly, the new shoots drawn from the “Pear root†will be mature, and the summer and autumn Buds then, did not germinate the year, the second year out of the garden.
The management of root seedlings is mainly two aspects: one is topdressing watering, the other is wiping off buds, irrigating water after planting, and keeping the soil moist, especially during the hot and dry season before and after wheat harvest, pay attention to timely watering. In combination with top dressing and weeding, weeds are used to promote the rapid growth of new shoots.
The pear tree has strong wooden sprouting force. After an anvil or flat rake, it will continue to produce a large number of anvil buds. When grafted in the spring, the sprouting pods should be promptly removed. The buds used for summer and autumn budding seedlings should be used when the new shoot length is 2 cm. Left and right, choose to leave two strong buds, the rest cleared, about five centimeters long, and then go to stay one to continue training.
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